Thermoregulation and Fever Pathogenesis

A group of proteins that enhances the immune response by opsonizing pathogens, triggering inflammation, and directly killing pathogens.

The drug inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, essential for folate synthesis in the parasite.

Proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns specific to pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Antimalarial drug that kills the asexual erythrocytic stage of the parasite in the blood.

A type of PRR that recognizes various PAMPs, including bacterial lipopolysaccharides, viral nucleic acids, and fungal cell wall components.

A drug used to treat uncomplicated malaria caused by susceptible Plasmodium species.

A drug that generates reactive free radicals in the parasite, leading to its death.

White blood cells that circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream and lymphatic system, assisting in immunity.

A drug used as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria, usually in combination with other antimalarials.

Antigens derived from microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which are recognized as foreign by the immune system.

Antigens that trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.

A drug that inhibits protein synthesis in the parasite, ultimately killing it.

Antigens derived from the body's own cells, usually tolerated by the immune system.

The drug is used in combination with other drugs to treat multidrug-resistant malaria.

The drug inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme involved in folate synthesis in the parasite.

Antigens derived from self-components that are mistakenly recognized as foreign, leading to autoimmune reactions.

Specialized T cells that suppress the activation of other immune cells, preventing an immune response to self-antigens and maintaining immune tolerance.

A process that occurs during the development of B and T cells, rearranging gene segments to generate a wide variety of antigen receptors with unique specificities.

The elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes in peripheral tissues, preventing them from attacking the body's own cells. This process helps to maintain tolerance to self-antigens.

Occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets the body's own tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage. This can lead to a variety of autoimmune diseases.

An inappropriate immune response to harmless substances like pollen or certain foods. This can lead to allergic reactions, such as sneezing and skin rashes.

The process of displaying antigenic peptides on the cell surface in association with MHC molecules.

MHC I presents antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, which recognize the antigen-MHC I complex through their TCR.

MHC II presents antigens to CD4+ helper T cells, which recognize the antigen-MHC II complex through their TCR.

Membrane-bound molecules on T cells and B cells that specifically recognize antigens.

Molecules that help regulate immune responses by providing additional signals for activation.

Molecules that help regulate immune responses by preventing excessive activation.

The immune system's way of creating a tailored response to specific antigens by selecting and expanding lymphocytes with matching receptors.

The initial immune response when the immune system encounters an antigen for the first time.

The ability of the immune system to recognize and tolerate self-antigens, avoiding attacks on the body's own tissues.

A state where the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and damage.

The process of eliminating or inactivating self-reactive immune cells during their development in the central lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus).

A mechanism where developing T cells that can recognize self-MHC molecules survive and mature. MHC molecules present antigens to T cells.

A process where T cells that strongly bind to self-antigens presented by MHC molecules are eliminated or inactivated to prevent autoimmune responses.

Tolerance mechanisms that operate outside the central lymphoid organs, ensuring continued self-tolerance in mature immune cells.

A process where self-reactive T cells or B cells become inactive when they encounter self-antigens without appropriate co-stimulatory signals.

This refers to a specific type of immune tolerance where the immune system learns to ignore harmless antigens that it encounters repeatedly, like pollen or food.

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of PRRs that recognize bacterial components, such as peptidoglycans and flagellin, found within the cytoplasm of immune cells. They activate signaling pathways that lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines, promoting inflammation and antimicrobial defenses.

RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are a family of PRRs that detect viral RNA in the cytoplasm of infected cells. They trigger antiviral immune responses by activating signaling pathways that lead to the production of interferons, which interfere with viral replication and activate other immune cells.

Epitopes are specific regions or sites on antigens that are recognized by the immune system. They can be linear, involving a continuous sequence of amino acids, or conformational, involving a specific three-dimensional structure.

Linear epitopes are formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids within an antigen, recognized by the immune system due to the specific arrangement of these amino acids.

Conformational epitopes are formed by a specific three-dimensional structure within an antigen, involving interactions between amino acids that are not necessarily adjacent in the sequence.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules are cell surface proteins responsible for displaying antigens to T cells, enabling the immune system to recognize and respond to pathogens.

MHC I molecules are expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells and present antigens derived from intracellular pathogens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, triggering their destruction.