39 Questions
What is the most common cause of Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in dogs?
Long-term glucocorticoid treatment
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushing syndrome in dogs?
Muscle hypertrophy
What is the consequence of cortisol's diabetogenic action in Cushing syndrome?
Decreased sensitivity to insulin
Which neurological symptom is commonly associated with Cushing syndrome in dogs?
all answers are correct
What is the consequence of aldosterone deficiency in primary Addisons disease?
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia and hyperkalemia
What is a common clinical sign of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing syndrome) in cats with concurrent diabetes mellitus?
all answers are correct
What is the most significant complication of Cushing disease?
Thromboembolic pulmonary disease
What are the consequences of hyperkalemia in primary Addisons disease?
Decreased myocardial excitability and bradycardia
What are the symptoms of glucocorticosteroid deficiency that worsen in stressful situations?
Impaired glycogenesis and hypoglycemia
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for the secretion of aldosterone and cortisol?
Zona fasciculata
In which type of hyperadrenocorticism does the increased secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland lead to bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal gland?
Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Which type of hyperadrenocorticism is caused by actions of doctors or owners?
Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism
Which hormone does a pituitary adenoma or pituitary adenocarcinoma mainly secrete in pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
Cortisol
In which type of hyperadrenocorticism do 80-85% of cases of Cushing syndrome in dogs occur?
Secondary pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Which of the following is a function of fever?
Inhibition of microbial proliferation
What is the role of endogenous pyrogens in causing fever?
They are produced by macrophages in response to infections
What characterizes the increment stage of fever metabolism?
Cachexia and weight loss
What distinguishes fever from hyperthermia?
Fever involves a change in the hypothalamic set point
What are the main types of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats?
Type 1 in dogs and Type 2 in cats
Which of the following is a significant risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
Pancreatitis
What are the common clinical signs of acute Addison's disease (adrenal crisis) in animals?
Pale mucous membranes and bradycardia
What are the potential complications of diabetes mellitus in animals?
Diabetic nephropathy and cataract
How can diabetes be managed in cats and dogs?
Monitoring hypoglycemia and avoiding severe hyperglycemia
What is the primary reason for reducing insoluble fibers in the diet of diabetic cats?
To slow gastrointestinal transit time and regulate glucose absorption
What is the role of opsonins in the process of phagocytosis?
Marking pathogens for phagocytosis and enhancing the recognition and attachment process
Which molecules are involved in leukocyte adhesion deficiencies in canines and bovines?
CD11a/CD18 and ICAM-1
Which of the following mechanisms involves the production of metabolic heat through muscle contraction and hormonal responses?
Thermogenesis
Which of the following terms refers to fever that is characterized by regular spikes and drops in temperature?
Intermittent fever
What is the primary cause of active hyperemia?
Increased flow of arterial blood in dilated capillaries
Which type of hyperemia is always pathological and characterized by decreased outflow of blood from an area?
Passive hyperemia
Which proteins are negative phase proteins
all answers are correct
What type of fever is characterized by a persistent, unchanging high temperature without any fluctuations?
Hectic fever
Which term refers to the manifestation associated with active hyperemia?
Redness, increased temperature, and enlarged organ
Which term refers to increased and excessive amount of blood in blood vessels?
Hyperemia
During which phase of inflammation does active hyperemia occur?
Early phase
What is the role of angiotensin II in the body?
Stimulates the release of aldosterone from adrenal glands.
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
all answers are correct
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released due to the action of angiotensin II?
Triggers the sensation of thirst through hypothalamus.
What is the enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
Renin
Study Notes
- Diabetic cats require a specific diet for management, ideally containing >40% protein and reducing insoluble fibers to slow GI transit time and regulate glucose absorption
- Endothelial cells express selectins, which tether and stimulate neutrophils to roll along their surface in the blood vessel walls
- Neutrophils adhere to the endothelium using integrins, such as CD11a/CD18 and ICAM-1, forming a strong bond despite shear forces
- Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies (LAD) in canines and bovines are genetic disorders causing defects in the CD18 molecule, preventing the formation of functional CD11/CD18 complexes, and resulting in decreased leukocyte adherence and increased susceptibility to infections
- Neutrophils move towards areas of tissue damage through chemotaxis, mediated by chemotactic factors that bind to specific receptors on their surface and activate secondary messenger systems, leading to intracellular calcium increases and directed cell movement
- Phagocytosis is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf, kill, and degrade pathogens. Recognition and attachment involve specific molecules on both the pathogen and phagocyte surfaces, leading to receptor clustering and phagocytosis initiation.
- Opsonins, such as immunoglobulins and complement components, mark pathogens for phagocytosis and enhance the recognition and attachment process.
- Once pathogens are engulfed, they are internalized in a membrane-enclosed vesicle called a phagosome, which eventually fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome. Lysosomal enzymes and antimicrobial molecules destroy the pathogens through both oxidative (respiratory burst) and non-oxidative (lysosomal molecules) mechanisms.
- Body temperature regulation, or thermoregulation, is a complex physiological response to maintain intrinsic balance disturbed by pathogens. Thermogenesis involves the production of metabolic heat through various means, including muscle contraction (shivering), metabolism in specialized brown fat, and hormonal responses. Heat transfer mechanisms include radiation, convection, conduction, and countercurrent exchanges.
Test your knowledge on how the body regulates temperature and the exchange of heat between arterial and venous blood. Explore concepts such as the thermoregulator center and the effects of fever on the body's temperature regulation.
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