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Questions and Answers
What is the most common cause of Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in dogs?
What is the most common cause of Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in dogs?
- Functional adrenal tumor
- Long-term glucocorticoid treatment (correct)
- Malignant adenocarcinoma
- Adrenal adenoma
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushing syndrome in dogs?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushing syndrome in dogs?
- Symmetrical alopecia
- Muscle hypertrophy (correct)
- Excessive urination (polyuria)
- Increased appetite (polyphagia)
What is the consequence of cortisol's diabetogenic action in Cushing syndrome?
What is the consequence of cortisol's diabetogenic action in Cushing syndrome?
- Decreased sensitivity to insulin (correct)
- Stabilization of blood sugar levels
- Reduction of blood sugar levels
- Increased sensitivity to insulin
Which neurological symptom is commonly associated with Cushing syndrome in dogs?
Which neurological symptom is commonly associated with Cushing syndrome in dogs?
What is the consequence of aldosterone deficiency in primary Addisons disease?
What is the consequence of aldosterone deficiency in primary Addisons disease?
What is a common clinical sign of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing syndrome) in cats with concurrent diabetes mellitus?
What is a common clinical sign of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing syndrome) in cats with concurrent diabetes mellitus?
What is the most significant complication of Cushing disease?
What is the most significant complication of Cushing disease?
What are the consequences of hyperkalemia in primary Addisons disease?
What are the consequences of hyperkalemia in primary Addisons disease?
What are the symptoms of glucocorticosteroid deficiency that worsen in stressful situations?
What are the symptoms of glucocorticosteroid deficiency that worsen in stressful situations?
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for the secretion of aldosterone and cortisol?
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for the secretion of aldosterone and cortisol?
In which type of hyperadrenocorticism does the increased secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland lead to bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal gland?
In which type of hyperadrenocorticism does the increased secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland lead to bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal gland?
Which type of hyperadrenocorticism is caused by actions of doctors or owners?
Which type of hyperadrenocorticism is caused by actions of doctors or owners?
Which hormone does a pituitary adenoma or pituitary adenocarcinoma mainly secrete in pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
Which hormone does a pituitary adenoma or pituitary adenocarcinoma mainly secrete in pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism?
In which type of hyperadrenocorticism do 80-85% of cases of Cushing syndrome in dogs occur?
In which type of hyperadrenocorticism do 80-85% of cases of Cushing syndrome in dogs occur?
Which of the following is a function of fever?
Which of the following is a function of fever?
What is the role of endogenous pyrogens in causing fever?
What is the role of endogenous pyrogens in causing fever?
What characterizes the increment stage of fever metabolism?
What characterizes the increment stage of fever metabolism?
What distinguishes fever from hyperthermia?
What distinguishes fever from hyperthermia?
What are the main types of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats?
What are the main types of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats?
Which of the following is a significant risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
Which of the following is a significant risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
What are the common clinical signs of acute Addison's disease (adrenal crisis) in animals?
What are the common clinical signs of acute Addison's disease (adrenal crisis) in animals?
What are the potential complications of diabetes mellitus in animals?
What are the potential complications of diabetes mellitus in animals?
How can diabetes be managed in cats and dogs?
How can diabetes be managed in cats and dogs?
What is the primary reason for reducing insoluble fibers in the diet of diabetic cats?
What is the primary reason for reducing insoluble fibers in the diet of diabetic cats?
What is the role of opsonins in the process of phagocytosis?
What is the role of opsonins in the process of phagocytosis?
Which molecules are involved in leukocyte adhesion deficiencies in canines and bovines?
Which molecules are involved in leukocyte adhesion deficiencies in canines and bovines?
Which of the following mechanisms involves the production of metabolic heat through muscle contraction and hormonal responses?
Which of the following mechanisms involves the production of metabolic heat through muscle contraction and hormonal responses?
Which of the following terms refers to fever that is characterized by regular spikes and drops in temperature?
Which of the following terms refers to fever that is characterized by regular spikes and drops in temperature?
What is the primary cause of active hyperemia?
What is the primary cause of active hyperemia?
Which type of hyperemia is always pathological and characterized by decreased outflow of blood from an area?
Which type of hyperemia is always pathological and characterized by decreased outflow of blood from an area?
Which proteins are negative phase proteins
Which proteins are negative phase proteins
What type of fever is characterized by a persistent, unchanging high temperature without any fluctuations?
What type of fever is characterized by a persistent, unchanging high temperature without any fluctuations?
Which term refers to the manifestation associated with active hyperemia?
Which term refers to the manifestation associated with active hyperemia?
Which term refers to increased and excessive amount of blood in blood vessels?
Which term refers to increased and excessive amount of blood in blood vessels?
During which phase of inflammation does active hyperemia occur?
During which phase of inflammation does active hyperemia occur?
What is the role of angiotensin II in the body?
What is the role of angiotensin II in the body?
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released due to the action of angiotensin II?
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released due to the action of angiotensin II?
What is the enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
What is the enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
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Study Notes
- Diabetic cats require a specific diet for management, ideally containing >40% protein and reducing insoluble fibers to slow GI transit time and regulate glucose absorption
- Endothelial cells express selectins, which tether and stimulate neutrophils to roll along their surface in the blood vessel walls
- Neutrophils adhere to the endothelium using integrins, such as CD11a/CD18 and ICAM-1, forming a strong bond despite shear forces
- Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies (LAD) in canines and bovines are genetic disorders causing defects in the CD18 molecule, preventing the formation of functional CD11/CD18 complexes, and resulting in decreased leukocyte adherence and increased susceptibility to infections
- Neutrophils move towards areas of tissue damage through chemotaxis, mediated by chemotactic factors that bind to specific receptors on their surface and activate secondary messenger systems, leading to intracellular calcium increases and directed cell movement
- Phagocytosis is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf, kill, and degrade pathogens. Recognition and attachment involve specific molecules on both the pathogen and phagocyte surfaces, leading to receptor clustering and phagocytosis initiation.
- Opsonins, such as immunoglobulins and complement components, mark pathogens for phagocytosis and enhance the recognition and attachment process.
- Once pathogens are engulfed, they are internalized in a membrane-enclosed vesicle called a phagosome, which eventually fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome. Lysosomal enzymes and antimicrobial molecules destroy the pathogens through both oxidative (respiratory burst) and non-oxidative (lysosomal molecules) mechanisms.
- Body temperature regulation, or thermoregulation, is a complex physiological response to maintain intrinsic balance disturbed by pathogens. Thermogenesis involves the production of metabolic heat through various means, including muscle contraction (shivering), metabolism in specialized brown fat, and hormonal responses. Heat transfer mechanisms include radiation, convection, conduction, and countercurrent exchanges.
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