Thermometry: Measuring Temperature

Study Notes

Definition: Thermometry is the science of measuring temperature.
Thermometers: Devices used to measure temperature, typically consisting of a temperature sensor and a display.
Types of Thermometers:
1. Mercury-in-glass thermometers: Use expansion of mercury to measure temperature.
2. Digital thermometers: Use electronic sensors and display temperature digitally.
3. Infrared thermometers: Measure temperature using infrared radiation.
4. Thermocouples: Measure temperature using the Seebeck effect (voltage generated by temperature difference).

Definition: Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy from one body to another due to a temperature difference.
Modes of Heat Transfer:
1. Conduction: Direct transfer of heat between particles in physical contact.
2. Convection: Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (e.g., air, water).
3. Radiation: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves (e.g., light, radio waves).
Heat Transfer Equations:
1. Fourier's Law: Describes heat conduction (Q = -k * A * (dT/dx)).
2. Newtons Law of Cooling: Describes heat convection (Q = h * A * (T_s - T_f)).

Definition: Temperature scales are systems for measuring temperature, each with its own zero point and unit of measurement.
Common Temperature Scales:
1. Celsius (°C) Scale:
  - Water freezes at 0°C.
  - Water boils at 100°C.
2. Fahrenheit (°F) Scale:
  - Water freezes at 32°F.
  - Water boils at 212°F.
3. Kelvin (K) Scale:
  - Absolute zero (0 K) is the theoretical minimum temperature.
  - Water freezes at 273.15 K.
  - Water boils at 373.15 K.
Temperature Conversion: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32 °C = (°F - 32) × 5/9 K = °C + 273.15

Thermometry is the science of measuring temperature.
Thermometers are devices used to measure temperature, consisting of a temperature sensor and a display.

Mercury-in-glass thermometers use expansion of mercury to measure temperature.
Digital thermometers use electronic sensors and display temperature digitally.
Infrared thermometers measure temperature using infrared radiation.
Thermocouples measure temperature using the Seebeck effect (voltage generated by temperature difference).

Heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy from one body to another due to a temperature difference.

Conduction is the direct transfer of heat between particles in physical contact.
Convection is heat transfer through the movement of fluids (e.g., air, water).
Radiation is heat transfer through electromagnetic waves (e.g., light, radio waves).

Temperature scales are systems for measuring temperature, each with its own zero point and unit of measurement.

Celsius (°C) Scale:
- Water freezes at 0°C.
- Water boils at 100°C.
Fahrenheit (°F) Scale:
- Water freezes at 32°F.
- Water boils at 212°F.
Kelvin (K) Scale:
- Absolute zero (0 K) is the theoretical minimum temperature.
- Water freezes at 273.15 K.
- Water boils at 373.15 K.