Thermometry and Temperature Transducers
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Questions and Answers

What is the principle of a thermocouple-type temperature transducer based on?

  • The variation of electrical resistance with temperature
  • The thermal expansion of materials
  • The thermal electromotive force generated between two dissimilar metals (correct)
  • The emission of infrared radiation

    • What is the principle of a polarographic Clark-type pO2 sensor?

  • The diffusion of oxygen through a gas-permeable membrane
  • The thermal expansion of oxygen in a closed volume
  • The change in pH with oxygen concentration
  • The electric current generated by oxygen reduction (correct)

    • What is measured by a transcutaneous pO2 sensor?

  • The oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
  • The pH of the skin
  • The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
  • The partial pressure of oxygen in the skin (correct)

    • What is the principle of a transmission-type pulse oximeter?

    <p>The absorbance of light by oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of an ingestible temperature pill?

    <p>The temperature-dependent properties of a thermistor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of a pH electrode?

    <p>The variation of electrical potential with pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of a pCO2 electrode?

    <p>The variation of electrical potential with pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of a glucose sensor?

    <p>The variation of electrical potential with glucose concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a reference electrode in a three-electrode system?

    <p>To provide a stable and well-known electrode potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Nitric Oxide (NO) sensor?

    <p>To diagnose cardiovascular complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of optical transducers over other systems?

    <p>They directly display features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a photodiode in a pulse oximeter?

    <p>To detect the intensity of light passing through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using LEDs in a pulse oximeter?

    <p>To emit light of different wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) in a pulse oximeter?

    <p>They have significantly different absorptions at each wavelength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an electrochemical transducer?

    <p>To report changes in the concentration of analyte in the form of an electrical signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the working electrode in a three-electrode system?

    <p>To pass current between the working and auxiliary electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of biomedical sensors in medical applications?

    <p>To monitor and diagnose physiological quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensors are used to measure physiological quantities such as electrolytes and enzymes in blood?

    <p>In vitro sensors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transducers in biomedical sensors?

    <p>To convert a non-electrical variable to an electrical signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of measuring a biological variable?

    <p>Sensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a biomedical sensor?

    <p>A transducer and a biological element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signals are generated by biopotential electrodes?

    <p>Analog electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of biomedical instruments in medical applications?

    <p>To derive information from sensors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the measurement of physiological quantities in the body?

    <p>In vivo measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the heparin-coated porous polyethylene membrane in an indwelling arterial optical blood gas catheter?

    <p>To encapsulate the optical fibers and thermistor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a fiber optic–based sensor, what is the primary mechanism of light transmission?

    <p>Total internal reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the dash line in Figure 10.37?

    <p>To demonstrate the concept of total internal reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of the fiber optic in vivo pressure sensor shown in Figure 10.40?

    <p>Measuring blood pressure in real-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the operation of an NO2 microbial-type biosensor?

    <p>Enzymatic conversion of NO2 to detectable products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thermistor in an indwelling arterial optical blood gas catheter?

    <p>To measure the temperature of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using fiber optic–based sensors in medical applications?

    <p>Minimally invasive and real-time monitoring capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the operation of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection system?

    <p>Label-free detection of analytes based on refractive index changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a non-contact infrared ear thermometer?

    <p>To measure the temperature of the eardrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bioanalytical sensors in biomedical engineering?

    <p>To detect and quantify clinically relevant analytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of a glucose monitoring sensor?

    <p>It uses a filament coated with glucose sensing enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an antigen test in biomedical engineering?

    <p>To detect antigens in the body that cause an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a nasal swab in biomedical engineering?

    <p>To detect bacteria or viruses that cause respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of bioanalytical sensors?

    <p>They use biomolecules as sensing elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of temperature transducers in biomedical engineering?

    <p>To measure the temperature of the eardrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common application of bioanalytical sensors in biomedical engineering?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biomedical Sensors

    • Biomedical sensors play an important role in various diagnostic medical applications.
    • Sensors are used in monitoring and diagnostic procedures, both in vitro (measuring physiological quantities such as electrolytes, enzymes, and biochemical metabolites in blood) and in vivo (measuring pressure, flow, and gas concentrations).
    • Biomedical sensors can be classified into different types based on their transduction mechanisms.

    Electrochemical Transducers

    • Changes in the concentration of analyte are reported in the form of an electrical signal.
    • A three-electrode system is usually used, consisting of a reference electrode, working electrode, and auxiliary electrode.
    • Example: Nitric Oxide (NO) sensor, which monitors oxidation of NO on the electrode surface, used in diagnostics of cardiovascular complications.

    Optical Transducers

    • Convert light rays into an electronic signal.
    • Advantages include direct display of features and use of a substrate that turns into a different color due to a reaction with the analyte.
    • Example: Pulse oximeter, which is a noninvasive technique that allows continuous monitoring of oxygen in blood.

    Temperature Transducers

    • Example: Non-contact infrared ear thermometer, which uses an infrared ray to measure the temperature inside the ear canal.
    • Radiation is reflected onto a detector and translates into an electrical signal proportional to the object's temperature.

    Bioanalytical Sensors

    • Detection and quantitation of clinically relevant analytes using biomolecules (enzymes, antibodies, etc.) as biological sensing elements.
    • Examples: Glucose monitoring sensor, nasal swab for detecting bacteria or viruses, and antigen test for detecting antigens in the body.

    Conclusion

    • Biomedical sensors are classified into different types based on their transduction mechanisms.
    • Important characteristics for packaging materials include materials science and microfabrication techniques.
    • Different types of electrodes and transducing elements are used in biomedical sensors.
    • Biosensors work by detecting and quantitating analytes using biological sensing elements, and have various uses in medical diagnostics.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the principles and types of temperature measurement devices, including thermocouples and noncontact thermometers.

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