Thermodynamics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of heat?

  • The transfer of energy due to a temperature difference (correct)
  • A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a system
  • The ability of a substance to conduct heat
  • The amount of energy contained within a system

    • What is a thermometer used for?

  • Measuring the density of a substance
  • Measuring the mass of a substance
  • Measuring the volume of a substance
  • Measuring the temperature of a substance (correct)

    • What is the principle behind the operation of a thermometer?

  • The change in mass of a substance with temperature
  • The change in density of a substance with temperature
  • The change in color of a substance with temperature
  • The change in volume of a substance with temperature (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the concept of temperature?

    <p>A measure of the hotness or coldness of an object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common phrase that uses the word ‘heat’ incorrectly?

    <p>The heat energy of the water was used to boil the eggs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thermometer utilizes the change in electrical resistance with temperature?

    <p>Platinum resistance thermometer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper fixed point on the Celsius scale?

    <p>100 ℃ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a thermometric substance used in thermometers?

    <p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical property measured in a constant-volume gas thermometer?

    <p>Change in gas pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following thermometers is suitable for measuring very high temperatures, up to 1500 ℃?

    <p>Thermocouple (C), Constant-volume gas thermometer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental interval of a temperature scale?

    <p>The difference between the upper and lower fixed points (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature scale has its zero point defined as absolute zero, the theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion ceases?

    <p>Kelvin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the equation 𝜃 = (𝑋𝜃 − 𝑋0) / (𝑋100 − 𝑋0) * 100, what does 𝑋𝜃 represent?

    <p>The value of the thermometric property at the unknown temperature 𝜃 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why it is advisable to sterilize a clinical thermometer in boiling water?

    <p>To prevent the glass from breaking due to excessive expansion of mercury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a thick stem used in some clinical thermometers?

    <p>To magnify the thread of mercury for easier viewing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind a constant-volume gas thermometer?

    <p>The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property is used to measure temperature in a resistance thermometer?

    <p>The resistance of a pure platinum wire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermoelectric effect?

    <p>The generation of electric current when two different metals are joined and heated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of thermometer discussed in the content?

    <p>Infrared thermometer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided information, what is the temperature range of a clinical thermometer?

    <p>A small range not exceeding 100°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why thermometers use bulbs at the bottom instead of just a simple column of liquid?

    <p>To prevent the liquid from expanding too much and breaking the thermometer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal temperature of a human body in Celsius?

    <p>37°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the constriction near the bulb in a clinical thermometer allow?

    <p>The expanding mercury to flow past it when the thermometer is placed in contact with the human body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mercury and alcohol in a thermometer?

    <p>Mercury responds to changes in temperature quickly while alcohol responds slowly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range of a typical clinical thermometer?

    <p>35°C to 43°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?

    <p>The liquid-in-glass thermometer is the only type clinical thermometer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the bore of a clinical thermometer narrow?

    <p>To make small temperature changes cause large changes in the length of the mercury column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boiling point of mercury?

    <p>357°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to shake a clinical thermometer before using it?

    <p>To reset the mercury column to the starting position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Heat

    The transfer of energy due to temperature difference.

    Temperature

    A measure of how hot or cold an object is.

    Thermal Equilibrium

    Condition where two objects have the same temperature.

    Thermometer

    A device that measures temperature by physical property changes.

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    Temperature Scales

    Standardized systems for measuring temperature (like Celsius, Fahrenheit).

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    Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

    A thermometer using mercury or alcohol that measures temperature by the change in liquid length.

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    Constant-volume Gas Thermometer

    A thermometer that measures temperature by the change in gas pressure at a constant volume.

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    Platinum Resistance Thermometer

    A thermometer using a resistance wire that changes electrical resistance with temperature.

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    Thermocouple

    A device measuring temperature through the electric potential difference between two dissimilar metals.

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    Fixed Points

    Temperatures at which the state of matter is defined, used as reference points in temperature scales.

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    Fundamental Interval

    The difference in temperature between the upper and lower fixed points used to define temperature scales.

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    Celsius Scale

    A temperature scale where 0°C is the freezing point of water and 100°C is the boiling point.

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    Kelvin Scale

    An absolute temperature scale where 0 K is absolute zero, the point at which all thermal motion ceases.

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    Clinical Thermometer

    A thermometer with a thick stem for magnifying mercury's thread.

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    Sterilizing Thermometers

    Boiling water is used to sterilize clinical thermometers safely.

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    Pressure Equation

    The equation relating pressure and temperature in a constant-volume gas thermometer.

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    Resistance Thermometer

    A thermometer using the change in platinum's resistance with temperature for accurate measurement.

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    Thermocouple Thermometer

    Measures high temperatures via thermoelectric effect between two different metals.

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    Thermoelectric Effect

    The phenomenon that generates voltage when two dissimilar metals are heated at a junction.

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    Mercury Expansion

    Mercury expands with temperature, affecting its length in thermometers.

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    Celsius to Fahrenheit formula

    The formula to convert Celsius (TC) to Fahrenheit (TF) is TF = (TC × 9/5) + 32.

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    Celsius to Kelvin formula

    To convert Celsius (TC) to Kelvin (TK), use TK = TC + 273.

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    Fahrenheit to Celsius formula

    To convert Fahrenheit (TF) to Celsius (TC), the formula is TC = (TF - 32) × 5/9.

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    Kelvin to Celsius formula

    To convert Kelvin (TK) to Celsius (TC), use TC = TK - 273.

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    Mercury vs. Alcohol thermometer

    Mercury thermometers respond quickly and do not wet glass; alcohol thermometers respond slowly and can wet glass.

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    Kink in thermometer

    A constriction in the thermometer tube that retains mercury when removed from contact with the body.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Physics Lecture Notes (Pre-Med/Pre-Pharmacy)

    • This is a physics lecture note program for premedical and pre-pharmacy students at the University of Sierra Leone.
    • The notes cover fundamental concepts of temperature and heat, with focus on different temperature scales.
    • The lecture includes discussion, examples and practice problems in the scope of measuring temperature.

    What is Heat?

    • Heat is defined as the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system due to a temperature difference.
    • Heat, internal energy, and temperature are distinct quantities.

    What is Temperature?

    • Temperature is a property that determines whether an object is in thermal equilibrium with other objects.
    • Two objects in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature.
    • Temperature's concept originates from common concepts like "hot" and "cold," refined through qualitative to quantitative measures.

    Thermometers

    • Thermometers are devices for measuring temperature.
    • They function based on the principle that a physical property of a system changes with temperature.
    • Different types of thermometers exist, utilizing diverse physical properties
      • Liquid-in-glass: utilizes mercury or alcohol expansion.
      • Constant-volume gas: measures gas pressure at a constant volume.
      • Resistance thermometer: tracks changes in electrical resistance of a platinum wire.
      • Thermocouple: measures temperature using the thermoelectric effect in two dissimilar metal junctions.

    Fixed Points

    • Fixed points are established standards of temperature on any specific scale. These are used to calibrate and compare different scales.
    • Lower fixed point : Equilibrium point between ice and air-saturated water at standard atmospheric pressure, 0°C.
    • Upper fixed point : Equilibrium point between vapor and boiling water at standard atmospheric pressure, 100°C.
    • Multiple fixed points can be used for higher precision. (not further detailed)

    Temperature Scales

    • Celsius: Based on the ice and steam points.

    • Fahrenheit: Also establishes two fixed points.

    • Kelvin: Absolute zero as its lowest point, related to both Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.

    • Formulas for converting between temperature scales are provided:

      • Celsius to Fahrenheit: F = (9/5)C + 32
      • Fahrenheit to Celsius: C = (5/9)(F-32)
      • Celsius to Kelvin: K = C + 273

    Clinical Thermometers

    • Clinical thermometers measure body temperature primarily using liquid-in-glass.
    • These thermometers typically have a narrow range of operation (typically 35°C to 43°C).
    • Design features like a constriction in the tube prevent mercury from flowing back into the reservoir when the thermometer is removed from the body.

    Constant-volume Gas Thermometer

    • A constant-volume gas thermometer keeps the volume of a fixed mass of gas constant, measuring temperature through changes in pressure.
    • The gas's pressure change is directly proportional to temperature change.

    Resistance Thermometer

    • The electrical resistance of a pure platinum wire increases with temperature.
    • Resistance thermometers' precision makes them suitable for high-accuracy measurements.

    Thermocouple Thermometer

    • Used for high temperatures, a thermocouple uses the temperature dependence of the voltage produced at the junction of two different metals to measure temperature. The voltage change at the constant cold junction is linearly proportional to temperature.

    Practice Problems (examples)

    • Several practice problems are included in the notes involving temperature conversions, interpreting thermometer readings, and calculation of temperature changes, designed to illustrate practical applications.

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    Related Documents

    Heat and Temperature Lecture Notes (PDF)

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the principles of thermodynamics, heat, and temperature measurement. This quiz covers concepts regarding thermometers, temperature scales, and key definitions in the study of heat. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of thermodynamic properties.

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