Thermodynamics Properties and Equilibrium
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Questions and Answers

What is a thermodynamic property?

Any characteristic of a system.

Which of the following is an example of an intensive property?

  • Temperature (correct)
  • Heat capacity
  • Mass
  • Volume

    • Specific extensive properties are intensive.

    True

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium?

    <p>Kinetic equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The path of a thermodynamic process is the series of states that a system goes through during the process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following thermodynamic processes with their definitions:

    <p>Isothermal process = A process that occurs at a constant temperature. Adiabatic process = A process that occurs without any heat transfer. Isochoric process = A process that occurs at a constant volume. Isobaric process = A process that occurs at a constant pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the derivative of temperature in an isothermal process?

    <p>dT=0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the derivative of heat in an adiabatic process?

    <p>dq=0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the derivative of volume in an isochoric process?

    <p>dV=0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the derivative of pressure in an isobaric process?

    <p>dP=0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

    <p>When a body C is in thermal equilibrium with body A and also separately with body B, then A and B are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a quasi-static process?

    <p>A process where the system passes through a series of equilibrium states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A quasi-static process is reversible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a reversible process?

    <p>Irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Work is a path function.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    State functions are path functions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the work done in a constant pressure process?

    <p>W12 = p(V2-V1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the work done in a constant volume process?

    <p>W12 = 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the work done in an isothermal process?

    <p>W12 = mRTln(V2/V1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the work done in a polytropic process?

    <p>W12 = (P1V1- P2V2)/(n-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the work done in an adiabatic process?

    <p>W12 = (P1V1-P2V2)/(gamma-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the heat transfer in an isobaric process?

    <p>Q12 = mCp(T2-T1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the heat transfer in an isothermal process?

    <p>Q12 = mRTln(V2/V1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the heat transfer in a polytropic process?

    <p>Q12 = (gamma-n)/(gamma-1) * W12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the heat transfer in an isenthalpic process?

    <p>Q12 = 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the work done in free expansion?

    <p>W12 = 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three modes of heat transfer?

    <p>Conduction, convection, radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is specific heat?

    <p>The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thermodynamics Properties

    • A property is any characteristic of a system
    • Properties can be intensive or extensive
    • Intensive properties are independent of the mass of a system (e.g., pressure, temperature, density)
    • Extensive properties depend on the size or extent of the system (e.g., mass, volume, internal energy)
    • Specific extensive properties are intensive (e.g., specific volume, specific energy, density)

    Thermodynamic Equilibrium

    • A system is in thermodynamic equilibrium if there's no change in macroscopic properties when isolated from its surroundings
    • Three conditions for equilibrium:
      • Mechanical equilibrium (no unbalanced forces)
      • Thermal equilibrium
      • Chemical equilibrium (forward and backward reactions are equal)

    Thermodynamic Processes

    • A process is a transformation from one equilibrium state to another
    • The series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process
    • Thermodynamic processes involve changes in conditions like temperature, pressure, and volume

    Types of Thermodynamic Processes

    • Isothermal processes: Constant temperature
    • Adiabatic processes: No heat transfer
    • Isochoric processes: Constant volume
    • Isobaric processes: Constant pressure
    • Cyclic processes: Initial and final states are identical

    Isothermal Process

    • Derived from Greek words "isos" (equal) and "therme" (heat)
    • Defined as a process where the temperature of the system remains constant during the change from initial to final state
    • Initial Temperature = Final Temperature

    Adiabatic Process

    • Comes from the Greek word "adiábatos" (impassable)
    • Defined as a process with no heat exchange between the system and its surroundings
    • Energy is transferred only as work
    • dq = 0

    Isochoric Process

    • Defined as a process where the volume of the system remains constant
    • Vinitial = Vfinal
    • dV = 0

    Isobaric Process

    • Defined as a process where the pressure of the system remains constant
    • Pinitial = Pfinal
    • dP = 0

    Temperature

    • A thermodynamic property that determines whether a system is in thermal equilibrium with another system
    • Measuring hotness or coldness of a body
    • Zeroth law of Thermodynamics: If bodies A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with body C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

    Quasi-static Process

    • A process where the system passes through a series of equilibrium states
    • Characterized by infinite slowness
    • A reversible process

    Energy Transfer in a Closed System - Work Transfer

    • Work is defined as force acting through a displacement
    • Work is done by a system if its sole effect on surroundings is raising a weight
    • Work transfer modes:
      • P-dv (boundary work)
      • Paddle work
      • Shaft work
      • Flow work
      • Spring work
      • Electrical
      • Magnetic

    p-dv work or Displacement Work

    • Work transfer during a quasi-static process, calculated as the integral of pressure times volume change (∫ pdV)

    Path, Process, and Cycle

    • Path: The series of states a system passes through during a process
    • Process: The transformation from one equilibrium state to another
    • Cycle: A series of processes where the initial and final states are the same

    Path Function and Point Function

    • Path function: A property that depends on the path taken during a process (work)
    • Point function: A property that depends only on the initial and final states (temperature, pressure)

    Constant-Pressure & Constant-Volume Processes

    • Specific calculations for work and heat transfer in constant-pressure and constant-volume quasi-static processes are outlined

    Isothermal or Constant-Temperature Process

    • pV = constant; total work is calculated with integral of p dV
    • Calculations for work transfer and heat transfer in isothermal processes

    Polytropic Process

    • pV^n = constant; n is a defined constant.
    • Calculations for work transfer and heat transfer for polytropic processes

    Adiabatic Work Transfer

    • Calculations for work transfer in adiabatic processes

    Energy Transfer in a Closed System - Heat Transfer

    • Heat is thermal energy transfer due to temperature difference
    • Heat transfer happens only when crossed boundary
    • Adiabatic process: No heat transfer
    • Diathermic wall: Permits heat transfer

    Specific Heat

    • The amount of heat required to raise unit mass through unit temperature rise
    • Cp (constant pressure) and Cv (constant volume)
    • Specific heat is a function of temperature

    Latent Heat

    • Heat required for phase change at constant pressure and temperature
    • Latent heat of fusion
    • Latent heat of vaporization
    • Latent heat of sublimation

    Sensible Heat

    • Heat transferred to produce temperature change

    Heat Transfer Mechanism - Conduction

    • Fourier's law: Heat conduction rate proportional to temperature gradient
    • Rate of heat conduction depends on thermal conductivity, area, temperature difference, and thickness

    Heat Transfer Mechanism - Convection

    • Heat transfer between a wall and moving fluid
    • Forced convection: Fluid forced by external means (fan, pump)
    • Natural convection: Fluid motion due to buoyancy forces

    Heat Transfer Mechanism - Radiation

    • Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves
    • Stefan-Boltzmann law: Maximum radiation rate proportional to absolute temperature to the fourth power

    Work & Heat in Various Processes

    • Summary table for different processes, indicating work transfer (W12) and heat transfer (Q12)

    Summary - Various Processes for Perfect Gas

    • Comprehensive table summarizing various processes for perfect gases, including indices, heat added, P-V, T relationships and specific heats.

    Work Transfer and Heat Transfer (Free Expansion)

    • Free expansion (no work transfer) explained with diagrams

    Work and Heat Transfer (Example Problems)

    • Sample problems demonstrating work and heat transfer calculations.

    Additional Information/Applications

    • Different types of problems/applications using the information above

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    Energy Transfer in Closed Systems PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental properties of thermodynamics, including intensive and extensive properties, and the conditions necessary for thermodynamic equilibrium. Test your understanding of these critical concepts and how they relate to thermodynamic processes.

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