Thermodynamics Laws

Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics

• Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
• First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is the heat added, and W is the work done.
• Second Law: The total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, except in reversible processes. ΔS = ΔQ / T, where ΔS is the change in entropy, ΔQ is the heat added, and T is the temperature.
• Third Law: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.

Thermodynamic Systems

• Isolated System: No energy or matter can enter or leave the system.
• Closed System: Energy can enter or leave the system, but matter cannot.
• Open System: Both energy and matter can enter or leave the system.

Thermodynamic Processes

• Isothermal Process: Temperature remains constant.
• Adiabatic Process: No heat is transferred between the system and its surroundings.
• Isobaric Process: Pressure remains constant.
• Isochoric Process: Volume remains constant.

Quantum Physics

Wave-Particle Duality

• Wave-like Behavior: Particles, such as electrons, can exhibit wave-like properties, such as diffraction and interference.
• Particle-like Behavior: Particles, such as electrons, can exhibit particle-like properties, such as having a definite position and momentum.

Key Principles

• Schrödinger Equation: A mathematical equation that describes the time-evolution of a quantum system.
• Superposition: A quantum system can exist in multiple states simultaneously.
• Entanglement: The connection between two or more quantum systems, where the state of one system is dependent on the state of the other system(s).
• Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to know certain properties of a quantum system, such as position and momentum, simultaneously with infinite precision.

Quantum Systems

• Wave Function: A mathematical function that describes the quantum state of a system.
• Probabilistic Nature: Quantum systems are described using probability amplitudes and wave functions, which give the probability of finding a system in a particular state.
• Quantization: Quantum systems can only occupy certain discrete energy levels, rather than being able to take on any value.

Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics

• If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other (Zeroth Law).
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another (First Law): ΔU = Q - W.
• The total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, except in reversible processes (Second Law): ΔS = ΔQ / T.
• As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value (Third Law).

Thermodynamic Systems

• Isolated System: No energy or matter can enter or leave the system.
• Closed System: Energy can enter or leave the system, but matter cannot.
• Open System: Both energy and matter can enter or leave the system.

Thermodynamic Processes

• Isothermal Process: Temperature remains constant.
• Adiabatic Process: No heat is transferred between the system and its surroundings.
• Isobaric Process: Pressure remains constant.
• Isochoric Process: Volume remains constant.

Quantum Physics

Wave-Particle Duality

• Particles, such as electrons, can exhibit wave-like properties, such as diffraction and interference (Wave-like Behavior).
• Particles, such as electrons, can exhibit particle-like properties, such as having a definite position and momentum (Particle-like Behavior).

Key Principles

• The Schrödinger Equation is a mathematical equation that describes the time-evolution of a quantum system.
• A quantum system can exist in multiple states simultaneously (Superposition).
• The connection between two or more quantum systems, where the state of one system is dependent on the state of the other system(s), is called Entanglement.
• It is impossible to know certain properties of a quantum system, such as position and momentum, simultaneously with infinite precision (Uncertainty Principle).

Quantum Systems

• A Wave Function is a mathematical function that describes the quantum state of a system.
• Quantum systems are described using probability amplitudes and wave functions, which give the probability of finding a system in a particular state (Probabilistic Nature).
• Quantum systems can only occupy certain discrete energy levels, rather than being able to take on any value (Quantization).