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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
What is the main purpose of the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
What is the mathematical expression for the change in internal energy (ΔU) of a system?
What is the mathematical expression for the change in internal energy (ΔU) of a system?
What is the definition of entropy (S) in thermodynamics?
What is the definition of entropy (S) in thermodynamics?
What is the characteristic of an isolated system?
What is the characteristic of an isolated system?
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What is the definition of enthalpy (H) in thermodynamics?
What is the definition of enthalpy (H) in thermodynamics?
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What is the characteristic of an isothermal process?
What is the characteristic of an isothermal process?
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What is the definition of free energy (G) in thermodynamics?
What is the definition of free energy (G) in thermodynamics?
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What is the expression for the change in entropy (ΔS) of a system?
What is the expression for the change in entropy (ΔS) of a system?
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What is the main characteristic of a closed system?
What is the main characteristic of a closed system?
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What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics related to?
What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics related to?
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Study Notes
Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- Allows for the definition of a temperature scale, such as the Celsius or Kelvin scale.
First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
- ΔU = Q - W, where:
- ΔU is the change in internal energy of a system
- Q is the heat added to the system
- W is the work done on the system
Second Law of Thermodynamics
- The total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, except in reversible processes.
- Entropy (S) measures the disorder or randomness of a system.
- ΔS = ΔQ / T, where:
- ΔS is the change in entropy
- ΔQ is the heat added to the system
- T is the temperature at which the heat is added
Third Law of Thermodynamics
- As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.
Thermodynamic Systems
Types of Systems
- Isolated System: No energy or matter can enter or leave the system.
- Closed System: Energy can enter or leave the system, but matter cannot.
- Open System: Both energy and matter can enter or leave the system.
Thermodynamic Properties
- Internal Energy (U): The total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with the interactions between particles.
- Enthalpy (H): A measure of the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy associated with the pressure and volume of a system.
- Entropy (S): A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
- Free Energy (G): A measure of the energy available to do work in a system.
Thermodynamic Processes
Isothermal Process
- A process that occurs at constant temperature.
Adiabatic Process
- A process that occurs without heat transfer between the system and its surroundings.
Isobaric Process
- A process that occurs at constant pressure.
Isochoric Process
- A process that occurs at constant volume.
Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Thermal equilibrium between two systems implies they are also in thermal equilibrium with a third system.
- Enables definition of temperature scales, such as Celsius or Kelvin.
First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms.
- Change in internal energy (ΔU) = heat added (Q) - work done (W) on a system.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, except in reversible processes.
- Entropy (S) measures disorder or randomness of a system.
- Change in entropy (ΔS) = heat added (ΔQ) / temperature (T) at which heat is added.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
- As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy of a system approaches a minimum value.
Thermodynamic Systems
Types of Systems
- Isolated system: no energy or matter exchange with surroundings.
- Closed system: energy exchange allowed, but matter cannot enter or leave.
- Open system: both energy and matter can enter or leave.
Thermodynamic Properties
- Internal energy (U): total energy of a system, including kinetic, potential, and interaction energies.
- Enthalpy (H): total energy of a system, including internal energy and pressure-volume energy.
- Entropy (S): measure of disorder or randomness of a system.
- Free energy (G): energy available to do work in a system.
Thermodynamic Processes
Isothermal Process
- Occurs at constant temperature.
Adiabatic Process
- Occurs without heat transfer between system and surroundings.
Isobaric Process
- Occurs at constant pressure.
Isochoric Process
- Occurs at constant volume.
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Description
Test your understanding of the Zeroth, First, and other laws of thermodynamics, including energy conversion and thermal equilibrium.
