Thermodynamics in Human Biology
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Questions and Answers

Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed?

  • First law of thermodynamics (correct)
  • Second law of thermodynamics
  • Third law of thermodynamics
  • Zeroth law of thermodynamics

    • Which law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system tends to increase over time?

  • Third law of thermodynamics
  • Second law of thermodynamics (correct)
  • First law of thermodynamics
  • Zeroth law of thermodynamics

    • Which law of thermodynamics states that as the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value?

  • Zeroth law of thermodynamics
  • Second law of thermodynamics
  • Third law of thermodynamics (correct)
  • First law of thermodynamics

    • Which concept in thermodynamics determines whether a process will occur spontaneously or not?

    <p>Gibb's free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and temperature?

    <p>(\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and temperature for a spontaneous process?

    <p>(\Delta G &lt; 0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and temperature for a non-spontaneous process?

    <p>(\Delta G &gt; 0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and temperature at equilibrium?

    <p>(\Delta G = 0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and temperature for a reversible process?

    <p>(\Delta G = \Delta S + T\Delta H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept in thermodynamics describes the maximum amount of useful work that can be obtained from a system at constant temperature and pressure?

    <p>Gibb's free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements is true about the first law of thermodynamics?

    <p>The total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant in any chemical change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements is true about exothermic reactions?

    <p>They have a negative ΔH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements is true about endothermic reactions?

    <p>They have a positive ΔH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements is true about the second law of thermodynamics?

    <p>Energy disperses or spreads out unless hindered from doing so.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements is true about Gibbs Free Energy?

    <p>It measures the energy difference between the products and reactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following reactions would be spontaneous?

    <p>ΔH = -5 kJ/mol, ΔS = -10 J/mol·K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following reactions would be non-spontaneous?

    <p>ΔH = 5 kJ/mol, ΔS = 10 J/mol·K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following reactions would be at equilibrium?

    <p>ΔH = -10 kJ/mol, ΔS = -5 J/mol·K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following reactions is exergonic?

    <p>ΔG = -5 kJ/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following reactions is endergonic?

    <p>ΔG = 5 kJ/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about a reaction with a negative ΔHrxn and a positive ΔSsystem?

    <p>It will sometimes have a positive ΔG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When products and reactants are not both at 1 M, how does it impact the Gibbs free energy?

    <p>It depends on the specific reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a hypothetical reaction with a ΔGoʼ of 5.0 kJ/mol, what happens to the Gibbs free energy as the reactants are increased compared to the products?

    <p>The Gibbs free energy always increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for why the body phosphorylates ATP as a source of energy currency?

    <p>ATP has a negative ΔG when broken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do enzymes themselves change the ΔG of a reaction?

    <p>No, enzymes cannot change the ΔG of a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation to calculate the Gibbs free energy under non-standard conditions?

    <p>ΔG = ΔGoʼ + RT lnQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation to calculate the Gibbs free energy change of a reaction?

    <p>ΔG = ΔH - TΔS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reaction quotient (Q) represent in the equation for Gibbs free energy under non-standard conditions?

    <p>The equilibrium constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ΔG and ΔGoʼ for a reaction under non-standard conditions?

    <p>It depends on the specific reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the activation energy of a reaction?

    <p>The energy required to initiate the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Laws of Thermodynamics

    • The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
    • The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system tends to increase over time.
    • The third law of thermodynamics states that as the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.

    Thermodynamic Concepts

    • Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) determines whether a process will occur spontaneously or not.
    • The equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS represents the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and temperature.
    • For a spontaneous process, ΔG < 0.
    • For a non-spontaneous process, ΔG > 0.
    • At equilibrium, ΔG = 0.
    • For a reversible process, ΔG = 0.

    Thermodynamic Relationships

    • The maximum amount of useful work that can be obtained from a system at constant temperature and pressure is described by the concept of available work.
    • The equation ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln(Q) represents the relationship between Gibbs free energy and reaction quotient under non-standard conditions.

    Reaction Types

    • Exothermic reactions release heat, ΔH < 0.
    • Endothermic reactions absorb heat, ΔH > 0.
    • A reaction is spontaneous if ΔG < 0.
    • A reaction is non-spontaneous if ΔG > 0.
    • A reaction is at equilibrium if ΔG = 0.
    • An exergonic reaction has a negative ΔG and is spontaneous.
    • An endergonic reaction has a positive ΔG and is non-spontaneous.

    Reaction Conditions

    • When products and reactants are not both at 1 M, the Gibbs free energy is affected.
    • As reactants are increased compared to products, the Gibbs free energy decreases.
    • The equation ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln(Q) is used to calculate the Gibbs free energy under non-standard conditions.

    Biological Energy

    • The body phosphorylates ATP as a source of energy currency.
    • Enzymes do not change the ΔG of a reaction, but they lower the activation energy.

    Gibbs Free Energy Equations

    • The equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS represents the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and temperature.
    • The equation ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln(Q) represents the relationship between Gibbs free energy and reaction quotient under non-standard conditions.
    • The equation ΔG° = -RT ln(K) represents the relationship between Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant.

    Reaction Quotient and Gibbs Free Energy

    • The reaction quotient (Q) represents the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations.
    • The relationship between ΔG and ΔG° for a reaction under non-standard conditions is ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln(Q).
    • The activation energy of a reaction is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

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    Thermodynamics in Human Biology - Part 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of thermodynamics in human biology with this pre-learning quiz! Designed to accompany Dr. Andrew Vargo's BMS 100 Week 2 video links, this quiz covers topics such as the laws of thermodynamics, spontaneity, and Gibb's free energy in relation to biology. Challenge yourself and assess your understanding of these fundamental concepts.

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