Thermodynamics in Drug Discovery Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Under what conditions does a reaction occur spontaneously?

When the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is negative and the change in entropy (ΔS) is positive.

When the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is positive.

When the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is negative. (correct)

When the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is positive and the change in entropy (ΔS) is negative.

Which of the following is NOT a thermodynamic concept that can be used to interpret the properties of a new drug?

Melting point

Pharmacokinetics (correct)

Partitioning

Solubility

What is the relationship between entropy and spontaneity in a reaction?

A positive change in entropy always leads to a spontaneous reaction.

A negative change in entropy always leads to a non-spontaneous reaction.

A positive change in entropy favors a spontaneous reaction, but it is not the sole determining factor. (correct)

Entropy plays no role in the spontaneity of a reaction.

The Gibbs equation, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, describes the relationship between which thermodynamic quantities?

Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements describes the concept of entropy correctly?

Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between drug-receptor interactions and thermodynamics?

Thermodynamics helps predict the strength and stability of drug-receptor interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Why is absolute zero considered a significant reference point in thermodynamics?

It is the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of drug discovery, how is the concept of thermodynamics applied?

It is used to design drugs that have specific interactions with target molecules, such as receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST describes a spontaneous process?

Ice melting at room temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was recognized as a top-selling pharmaceutical product for 9 consecutive years before COVID-19?

Humira Signup and view all the answers

What was the annual sales figure for Comirnaty in 2022?

$37.8 billion Signup and view all the answers

Which company produces the drug Keytruda?

Merck & Co. Signup and view all the answers

What condition does Humira primarily treat?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What was the sales range for Comirnaty in 2023?

$11.2 - $15.3 billion Signup and view all the answers

What factor caused 8 drugs to lose their blockbuster status?

Going generic or competition Signup and view all the answers

What was notable about how Comirnaty performed against its competitor in sales?

It had more than double the sales of its main competitor, Moderna. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer does Keytruda primarily target?

Non-small cell lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of water-soluble lubricants in effervescent tablets?

To assist in the rapid dispersion and dissolution of the tablet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of capsules is primarily used for oily ingredients?

Soft-shelled capsules Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of effervescent granules when added to water?

They produce a fizzing action Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of fast-dissolving oral delivery formulations?

Potentially increased bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding oral emulsions?

They are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions Signup and view all the answers

What is a common packaging requirement for very porous tablets?

Specialized ‘peel-off blister’ packaging Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of hard gelatin capsules?

They mask the unpleasant taste of their contents Signup and view all the answers

What role does citric acid play in effervescent tablets?

Reacting with bicarbonates to create effervescence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT directly related to the pre-formulation stage of a solid dosage form?

Liver anatomy and function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of studying the 'GI structure, motility, digestion, & absorption' in the context of drug delivery?

To identify the optimal route of administration for a specific drug. Signup and view all the answers

Why are 'brands and generics' considered in the study of drug delivery?

They influence the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST illustrates the concept of 'optimizing drug properties to ensure good oral bioavailability'?

Adding excipients to enhance the drug's stability and improve its dissolution rate. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of drug delivery, what does the term 'extravascular administration' refer to?

Administration of a drug through any route other than direct injection into a vein. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of studying 'ADME and pharmacokinetics' in the context of drug delivery?

To understand how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of drug delivery is LEAST impacted by the 'physicochemical properties of molecules'?

Patient compliance and adherence to the prescribed dosage regimen. Signup and view all the answers

Considering the role of excipients in solid dosage forms, which of the following is NOT a direct function of an excipient?

Modifying the drug's absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of generic drugs in the 1990s and 2000s?

A growing elderly population globally Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is a likely consequence of generic drug companies launching copycat versions of a leading brand?

A significant decrease in the overall cost of healthcare Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why pharmaceutical companies have implemented lifecycle management strategies?

To extend patent protection and maintain a competitive advantage in the market Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common misconception regarding generic drugs?

They are always less effective than branded drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge faced by pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer in the current market?

Competition from generic drug manufacturers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between pharmaceutical companies and generic drug manufacturers?

Direct competitors vying for market share Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a generic drug that distinguishes it from the original branded drug?

A different brand name and marketing strategy Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which disease state is most likely to benefit from the availability of generic drugs?

Cardiovascular disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately reflects the potential cost savings associated with generic medicines compared to branded counterparts?

Generic medicines can potentially save up to 80% of the cost of branded medicines. Signup and view all the answers

In which specific disease area is it essential to exercise caution when switching from a branded medicine to a generic equivalent, due to the potential for variability in absorption rates?

Epilepsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why prescribers are encouraged to prescribe medicines using their generic names?

To allow pharmacists greater flexibility in choosing the product to dispense. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the cost savings associated with generic medicines?

Lower research and development costs for generic companies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a valid reason why a patient might need to remain on a branded medicine instead of switching to a generic equivalent?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is the most likely to have a biosimilar substitute available?

Biological medicines Signup and view all the answers

In the context of generic medicines, what is the meaning of 'bioequivalence'?

The generic medicine is absorbed and metabolized in the body in the same way as the branded medicine. Signup and view all the answers

How does the growth of generic medicines in the UK impact healthcare costs?

It reduces healthcare costs by providing cheaper alternatives to branded medicines. Signup and view all the answers

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Description

Test your knowledge on the role of thermodynamics in drug discovery and the concepts of spontaneity, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. This quiz covers key thermodynamic principles that are crucial for understanding drug-receptor interactions and drug properties. Explore the commercial success of notable drugs and their implications in the pharmaceutical industry.