Thermodynamics in Drug Discovery Quiz

The study of how drugs move through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its administration site.

The way a drug is distributed throughout the body.

The breakdown of a drug in the body, often by the liver.

The process of removing a drug and its metabolites from the body, mainly by the kidneys.

The physical and chemical properties of a drug, such as its size, shape, and solubility, which influence its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

The form in which a drug is administered, such as tablets, capsules, or injections.

The rate at which a drug dissolves in solution, affecting how quickly it is absorbed.

Drugs that reach annual sales of over $1 billion, often due to high demand, strong efficacy, or market exclusivity.

When a drug loses its blockbuster status due to reasons like patent expiry (generics), competition, or reduced pricing power.

The highest-selling drug for nine consecutive years before Comirnaty's rise, known for its treatment of various inflammatory conditions.

Pfizer and BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine, the first to reach blockbuster status in 2021, setting a new record in pharmaceutical sales.

The transition from a global pandemic to a more manageable endemic stage, leading to a decrease in demand for pandemic-related drugs and therapies.

The process of a drug becoming available in a generic form, often resulting in lower prices.

The act of losing pricing power, usually due to market forces like increased competition or reduced demand.

The introduction of a competitor (drug) entering the market, often leading to a decline in the original drug's sales.

Pharmaceutical companies that produce and sell drugs that no longer have patent protection.

The process where a leading brand loses patent protection for its drug, allowing other companies to produce and sell copies.

A drug that is bioequivalent to a leading brand drug, meaning it has the same pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.

Strategies employed by pharmaceutical companies to extend the patent life of their drugs, delaying the entry of generic versions.

The increased use of generic drugs due to factors such as aging populations, rising healthcare costs, and government initiatives to promote cost-effectiveness.

Drugs that are chemically identical to the original brand drug in terms of dosage, administration route, safety, and efficacy.

The use of generic names to identify medications, typically based on the chemical name.

The growing acceptance of generic drugs by healthcare professionals and patients, driven by factors such as cost savings and similar effectiveness compared to brand-name drugs.

Prescribing a medicine using its generic name rather than its brand name.

The percentage of generic medicines used in a region, indicating how much cost savings are being realized.

Uncoated tablets that react with water to release carbon dioxide, resulting in fizzing. They are designed to dissolve quickly and create a pleasant, carbonated drink.

A dosage form where the medication is enclosed in a gelatin or Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose shell. They are used to mask unpleasant tastes and can contain dry powders or liquids.

Solid, dry particles of medication that are often packaged in sachets. Some are dissolved in water before taking, while others are placed on the tongue and swallowed with water.

Solid dosage forms that dissolve or disintegrate rapidly in the mouth, without requiring water. These tablets often have a porous structure to facilitate rapid dissolution.

Clear liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a solvent. Common solvents include diluted alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, and purified water.

Stabilized oil-in-water dispersions for oral use. Both the oil and water phases can contain dissolved solids.

The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its administration site.

The way a drug is distributed throughout the body, reaching different tissues and organs.

The temperature at which all molecular motion stops, equivalent to -273.15 degrees Celsius.

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. The more disordered a system is, the higher its entropy.

The energy that is available to do work. It's a combination of enthalpy (heat) and entropy (disorder).

A reaction that can occur on its own, without requiring external energy input.

A reaction that requires energy input to occur, and doesn't happen on its own.

The amount of energy released or absorbed during a reaction.

A key equation in thermodynamics that relates free energy change to enthalpy change, entropy change, and temperature.

The maximum concentration of a drug that can dissolve in a given solvent.

The temperature at which a substance transitions from a solid (crystalline) state to a liquid.

The distribution of a drug between two immiscible liquids, often oil and water, representing how it crosses cell membranes.