Thermodynamics, Gas Laws, and Flow

What is the term for the energy required to increase the kinetic energy of molecules and overcome intermolecular forces?

What is the process by which heat energy is transferred through direct molecule-to-molecule contact?

What is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases?

What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K?

What occurs when a gas is cooled and its particles slow down to form a liquid?

What is the term for the process by which a gas changes state to a liquid?

What is the term for the point at which a liquid condenses at a particular pressure?

What type of flow is characterized by a straightforward flow with the greatest flow in the middle?

What is the relationship between laminar flow and hydrostatic pressure gradient?

What predicts whether the fluid flow would be laminar or turbulent?

What is the characteristic of a fluid that determines its tendency to occupy more space?

What is the result of the Bernoulli effect in a Venturi mask?

What is the purpose of a constriction in a Venturi mask?

What is the characteristic of a fluid that determines its resistance to flow?

What is the effect of the Coanda effect on a fluid?

What is the characteristic of a tube that promotes turbulent flow?

What is the principle used to calculate pulmonary blood flow from oxygen uptake?

What is the name of a device used to measure gas flow?

What is the term for the internal force generated by a structure?

What is the equation for the pressure gradient in a tube?

What is the reason for the absence of an increased A-a gradient in patients with hypoventilation or high altitude?

What are van der Waals forces?

What is the definition of heat in physics?

What is the definition of cold in physics?

What is temperature?

How do you convert from Celsius to Kelvin?

What are the four ways heat is transferred?

What is the SI unit of heat?

What is the relationship between a calorie and a joule?

What is the definition of 1 calorie?

Temperature is a measurement of the quantity of heat

What is heat capacity?

What is the most common type of heat loss during surgical cases?

What type of surgical cases can increase heat loss?

What are the properties of an ideal gas?

What is vapor pressure?

What is STP in terms of temperature and pressure?

What is absolute zero?

What is Boyle's Law algebraically?

What does Boyle's law indicate about the relationship between volume and pressure?

What is Charles' Law algebraically?

What does Charles' Law state?

What is Guy-Lussac's Law algebraically?

What does Guy-Lussac's law state?

What is Avogadro's hypothesis?

What does Avogadro's Law state?

What is the molar volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP)?

What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?

What is Amagat's Law?

What is Graham's Law?

What is the alveolar gas equation?

What is the a-a gradient?

What can cause an increased alveolar-arterial (a-a) gradient?

How do you calculate the estimated normal arterial-alveolar gradient?

What is the Hagen-Poiseuille Equation and its significance to air flow?

In laminar flow, what is the flow inversely proportional to?

What is the Reynolds number used for?

What is the main difference between a tube and an orifice in terms of length and diameter?

What Reynolds number indicates laminar flow?

What does the Bernoulli's effect state?

What is the Coanda effect?

After passing a constriction, what happens to a fluid at a bifurcation?

Laminar flow is dictated by what factor?

Density is crucial in which type of flow?

Hagan Poiseuille Equation = flow (Q) = piPr^4/8nl P=pressure r=radius n = viscosity l = length

Flow through an orifice is typically laminar

Why is helium useful in promoting gas flow in cases of severe respiratory obstruction?

In a venturi mask, what effect does the entrainment of air have on air flow?

What are examples of devices used to measure gas flow?

Low flow Thorpe tubes are tubular in nature and dependent on viscosity

High flow Thorpe tubes are orificial in nature and dependent on viscosity

What is a Bourdon gauge used for?

Where would you see orificial flow?

What law states that pressure is equal to 2 times the tension divided by the radius?

According to Laplace's law, what happens to a smaller alveolus compared to a larger alveolus of equal surface tension?

What is the result of unequal surface tension in alveoli of different sizes?

What is the relationship between the radius of a sphere and the intra-alveolar pressure according to Laplace's law?

What causes air to pass into the larger alveolus, causing the smaller alveolus to collapse?

Small alveoli (i.e. collapsed and nearly collapsed) are more difficult to inflate then large alveoli; this contributes to the low compliance seen at small lung volumes

Smaller alveoli will promote their own collapse by emptying into larger neighboring alveoli

What is the universal gas law?

High flow Thorpe tubes are orificial in nature and dependent on density

What is the primary form of heat loss in surgical patients?

What type of heat loss may be greater in rooms with laminar air flow

How does evaporation cause heat loss during surgical procedures?

Owing to the high surface area/body mass ratio, infants are especially vulnerable to heat loss by radiation

According to the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, how does doubling the radius of a pipe affect the flow rate?

According to the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, how does tripling the radius of a pipe affect the flow rate?

Low flowmeters are tubular and characterized by laminar flow

What is the effect of coronary steal?

Why are smaller alveoli more prone to collapse?

How does the Bernoulli effect contribute to the functioning of Venturi masks?

What is the purpose of a constriction in a Venturi mask?

In contrast to the Thorpe tube, which has a constant pressure, but a variable orifice, the Bourdon tube has a constant orifice, but a variable pressure.