Thermodynamics, Gas Laws, and Flow
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the energy required to increase the kinetic energy of molecules and overcome intermolecular forces?

  • Specific heat capacity
  • Heat capacity
  • Heat of vaporization
  • Latent heat (correct)

    • What is the process by which heat energy is transferred through direct molecule-to-molecule contact?

  • Evaporation
  • Convection
  • Radiation
  • Conduction (correct)

    • What is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases?

  • Gas pressure
  • Vapor pressure (correct)
  • Partial pressure
  • Atmospheric pressure

    • What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K?

    <p>Specific heat capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a gas is cooled and its particles slow down to form a liquid?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a gas changes state to a liquid?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the point at which a liquid condenses at a particular pressure?

    <p>Saturated vapor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flow is characterized by a straightforward flow with the greatest flow in the middle?

    <p>Laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between laminar flow and hydrostatic pressure gradient?

    <p>Flow is directly proportional to hydrostatic pressure gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts whether the fluid flow would be laminar or turbulent?

    <p>Reynolds number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a fluid that determines its tendency to occupy more space?

    <p>Density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the Bernoulli effect in a Venturi mask?

    <p>Entrainment of ambient air to mix with oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a constriction in a Venturi mask?

    <p>To create a pressure drop and entrain ambient air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a fluid that determines its resistance to flow?

    <p>Viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the Coanda effect on a fluid?

    <p>It entrains surrounding gas into the fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a tube that promotes turbulent flow?

    <p>High flow rates, changes in diameter, branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle used to calculate pulmonary blood flow from oxygen uptake?

    <p>Fick Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of a device used to measure gas flow?

    <p>Pitot tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the internal force generated by a structure?

    <p>Tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for the pressure gradient in a tube?

    <p>Pressure gradient = tension/radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the absence of an increased A-a gradient in patients with hypoventilation or high altitude?

    <p>Concurrent decrease in both the 'A' and the 'a' values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are van der Waals forces?

    <p>Weak intermolecular forces between neutral molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of heat in physics?

    <p>The transfer of energy from one body to another due to a difference in temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of cold in physics?

    <p>The absence of heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is temperature?

    <p>The tendency of an object to gain or lose heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you convert from Celsius to Kelvin?

    <p>Add 273.15 to the temperature in Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four ways heat is transferred?

    <p>Conduction, Convection, Radiation, and Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SI unit of heat?

    <p>Joule (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a calorie and a joule?

    <p>1 calorie is equal to 4.184 joules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 1 calorie?

    <p>The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature is a measurement of the quantity of heat

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heat capacity?

    <p>The units of heat per unit change in temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of heat loss during surgical cases?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surgical cases can increase heat loss?

    <p>Major abdominal surgeries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of an ideal gas?

    <p>It has volume, but no mass or molecular interactions and molecules are constantly in motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vapor pressure?

    <p>The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its solid or liquid (condensed) phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is STP in terms of temperature and pressure?

    <p>0°C and 1 atm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is absolute zero?

    <p>The lowest possible temperature, 0 K (-273.15°C or -459.67°F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Boyle's Law algebraically?

    <p>P1V1 = P2V2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Boyle's law indicate about the relationship between volume and pressure?

    <p>As pressure increases, volume decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Charles' Law algebraically?

    <p>V1 / T1 = V2 / T2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Charles' Law state?

    <p>The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Guy-Lussac's Law algebraically?

    <p>P1/T1 = P2/T2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Guy-Lussac's law state?

    <p>At constant volume, the pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Avogadro's hypothesis?

    <p>A scientific principle that states under conditions of constant pressure and temperature, equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Avogadro's Law state?

    <p>Under conditions of constant pressure and temperature, there is a direct relationship between the volume and number of moles for an ideal gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molar volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP)?

    <p>22.4 L/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?

    <p>The law that states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Amagat's Law?

    <p>A law that states the volume of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the volumes of all its constituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Graham's Law?

    <p>A law that states the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alveolar gas equation?

    <p>PAO2 = (PB-Pwater vapor)FIO2-PACO2(1.25)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the a-a gradient?

    <p>The difference in oxygen partial pressure between alveolar air and arterial blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause an increased alveolar-arterial (a-a) gradient?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate the estimated normal arterial-alveolar gradient?

    <p>(Age/4)+4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Hagen-Poiseuille Equation and its significance to air flow?

    <p>A equation used to describe the relationship between pressure, fluid resistance, and flow rate in laminar flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In laminar flow, what is the flow inversely proportional to?

    <p>Viscosity and tube length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Reynolds number used for?

    <p>To predict the nature of flow in a pipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a tube and an orifice in terms of length and diameter?

    <p>A tube has a longer length and smaller diameter, while an orifice has a shorter length and larger diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Reynolds number indicates laminar flow?

    <p>Re &lt; 2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Bernoulli's effect state?

    <p>Pressure is inversely proportional to the velocity when flow occurs through a constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Coanda effect?

    <p>The ability of a gas/fluid to attach to a surface after passing through an asymmetric narrowing, exerting force on neighboring gas/fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After passing a constriction, what happens to a fluid at a bifurcation?

    <p>It sticks to one side of the branch, causing maldistribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laminar flow is dictated by what factor?

    <p>Viscosity of the fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Density is crucial in which type of flow?

    <p>Turbulent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hagan Poiseuille Equation = flow (Q) = piPr^4/8nl P=pressure r=radius n = viscosity l = length

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flow through an orifice is typically laminar

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is helium useful in promoting gas flow in cases of severe respiratory obstruction?

    <p>It makes oxygen less dense and allows it to travel to the lungs easier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a venturi mask, what effect does the entrainment of air have on air flow?

    <p>Increased flow at a predictable FiO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of devices used to measure gas flow?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low flow Thorpe tubes are tubular in nature and dependent on viscosity

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High flow Thorpe tubes are orificial in nature and dependent on viscosity

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Bourdon gauge used for?

    <p>Measuring pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where would you see orificial flow?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What law states that pressure is equal to 2 times the tension divided by the radius?

    <p>Laplace's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Laplace's law, what happens to a smaller alveolus compared to a larger alveolus of equal surface tension?

    <p>It experiences a larger intra-alveolar pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of unequal surface tension in alveoli of different sizes?

    <p>The smaller alveolus collapses as air passes from the smaller to the larger alveolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the radius of a sphere and the intra-alveolar pressure according to Laplace's law?

    <p>The smaller the radius, the higher the intra-alveolar pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes air to pass into the larger alveolus, causing the smaller alveolus to collapse?

    <p>A larger inter-alveolar pressure in the smaller alveolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Small alveoli (i.e. collapsed and nearly collapsed) are more difficult to inflate then large alveoli; this contributes to the low compliance seen at small lung volumes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smaller alveoli will promote their own collapse by emptying into larger neighboring alveoli

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the universal gas law?

    <p>P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High flow Thorpe tubes are orificial in nature and dependent on density

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of heat loss in surgical patients?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heat loss may be greater in rooms with laminar air flow

    <p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does evaporation cause heat loss during surgical procedures?

    <p>It occurs through the latent heat of vaporization of water from open body cavities and the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Owing to the high surface area/body mass ratio, infants are especially vulnerable to heat loss by radiation

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, how does doubling the radius of a pipe affect the flow rate?

    <p>It increases the flow rate by a factor of 16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, how does tripling the radius of a pipe affect the flow rate?

    <p>The flow rate increases by a factor of 81</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low flowmeters are tubular and characterized by laminar flow

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of coronary steal?

    <p>Blood flow to unhealthy organs is diverted to healthy ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are smaller alveoli more prone to collapse?

    <p>Smaller alveoli have a higher pressure gradient due to their smaller radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Bernoulli effect contribute to the functioning of Venturi masks?

    <p>It decreases pressure, which entrains air to mix with oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a constriction in a Venturi mask?

    <p>To create a pressure drop (i.e. negative pressure) and entrains ambient air to mix with oxygen flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contrast to the Thorpe tube, which has a constant pressure, but a variable orifice, the Bourdon tube has a constant orifice, but a variable pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Laplace's Law for a Sphere

    • Laplace's law states that unequal-sized alveoli with equal surface tension have differing intra-alveolar pressures, with the smaller alveolus experiencing a larger pressure.
    • This pressure difference causes air to pass from the smaller to the larger alveolus, leading to the collapse of the smaller alveolus.
    • Pulmonary surfactant prevents the collapse of the smaller alveolus by decreasing its surface tension.
    • Decreased surface tension in the smaller alveolus results in equal pressure in both alveoli.
    • Transmural pressure difference (P) and sphere radius (r) are important variables in understanding Laplace's law.

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