Thermal Physics - Engineering Physics

The temperature at which the pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal gas is zero. It is the lowest possible temperature.

The unit of measurement for temperature on the Kelvin scale.

The difference between the upper and lower fixed points of a thermometer.

A scale used in instrumentation and control that defines fixed points and reference thermometers to establish temperature measurements.

The state where pure water, ice, and water vapor are in equilibrium at a specific pressure.

The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.

A change in temperature measured in either Celsius or Kelvin.

The change in a material's length per unit temperature change.

A device used to measure temperature.

A type of thermometer that uses the expansion of mercury to measure temperature.

The process of a material expanding when heated.

A type of thermometer using the resistance of platinum to measure temperature.

A device that measures temperature by detecting the radiation emitted by a hot object.

The initial length of a material before it is heated or cooled.

The change in length of a material due to thermal expansion or contraction.

The original length of an object before any temperature change occurs.

The difference in temperature between the initial and final states.

The state where there is no net heat transfer between objects in contact. They are at the same temperature.

The zeroth law of thermodynamics establishes that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

The second law of thermodynamics states that heat energy spontaneously flows from a hotter object to a colder object.

The final temperature reached when two objects in thermal contact reach equilibrium.

Heat is a form of energy that relates to the internal energy of a body. This energy is the sum of the kinetic energy of all the molecules and the potential energy of their interactions.

The temperature of a material is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules.

When heat is added to a material, it can cause changes in its temperature, internal energy, volume, and state.

Internal energy (U) is the total energy of a system, including the kinetic energy of its molecules and the potential energy of their interactions.

The unit used to measure heat is the Joule [J].

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance.

Temperature scales are used to measure temperature. Common scales include Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K).

Temperature scales are used to measure temperature. Common scales include Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K).

The process of energy transfer from a hotter body to a colder body due to a temperature difference.

The internal energy of a system changes when heat is added or removed, or when work is done on or by the system.

A positive value for heat (Q) indicates heat is added to the system, increasing its internal energy. A negative value indicates heat is lost, decreasing internal energy.

Work done ON the system (like compressing a gas) increases its internal energy and is positive. Work done BY the system (like a gas expanding) decreases its internal energy and is negative.

The energy contained within a system due to the motion and interaction of its molecules.

The rate at which heat energy is transferred, calculated by dividing the amount of heat energy transferred (Q) by the time taken (t).

The rate of heat energy transfer through a material, calculated by multiplying the thermal conductivity (k) by the area (A) and the temperature difference (T1 - T2) and dividing by the thickness (L).

A measure of how well a material resists heat transfer, calculated by dividing the power (P) by the area (A) and the temperature difference (ΔT).

The relationship between the peak wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a blackbody and its temperature, stating that the product of the peak wavelength (λmax) and the temperature (T) is a constant (2.9 x 10-3 m K).

The total power radiated by a blackbody, calculated by multiplying the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ) by the area (A), emissivity (ε), and the temperature raised to the fourth power (T4).

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin, calculated by multiplying the mass (m) by the specific heat capacity (C) and the temperature change (ΔT).

The amount of heat energy required to change the state of a substance, calculated by multiplying the mass (m) by the latent heat of fusion (Lf) or vaporization (Lv).