Therapy Goals and Evaluation Quiz

• Co-construction is a collaborative process in communication where speaker and listener negotiate meanings using the client's language (Boyleas et al., 2013).

• Clients in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFT) are asked to co-construct a vision of a preferred future and draw upon past successes, strengths, and resources.

• SFT takes a non-pathological and non-judgmental stance on change.

• SFT focuses on exceptions, or times when the problem is not present, and on the client's strengths.

• SFT recognizes that the client may be in one of three relationships with the therapist: a customer, a complainer, or a visitor.

• Customers actively engage in the solution-building process.

• Complainants describe the problem but do not take an active role in constructing a solution.

• Visitors attend therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem and may be reluctant to engage.

• The therapist takes a non-knowing position and creates a collaborative relationship.

• SFT is designed to be brief and focuses on the client's goals and the resources required to solve the problem.

• The therapist shifts the focus from talking about problems to exploring solutions.

• SFT uses specific questions to guide the therapy process, such as preferred goals questions, coping questions, exception-seeking questions, and the miracle question.

• Preferred goals questions focus on the client's vision of the future.

• Coping questions help clients to identify ways they have dealt with problems in the past.

• Exception-seeking questions help clients to identify times when the problem was not present.

• The miracle question helps clients to imagine a future where the problem has been resolved.

• SFT is goal-directed and future-oriented, focusing on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

• The therapist helps clients to explore their preferred goals, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate change is happening.

• SFT is designed to be brief and the therapist must shift the focus from talking about problems to exploring solutions as soon as possible.

• SFT helps clients to use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• The therapy process includes several stages, such as pre-session change, forming a collaborative relationship, describing the problem, establishing preferred goals, problem-solution focus, reaching preferred goals, and ending therapy.

• The therapist believes that clients can define their goals and the resources required to solve their problems.

• The therapist remains goal-directed and future-oriented, focusing on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

• The therapist talks about solutions instead of problems and helps clients to explore what they would like things to be different, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate the changes are happening.

• The therapist creates a collaborative relationship and a climate of mutual respect in which clients are free to create and explore solutions.

• The therapist uses a variety of questions to guide the therapy process, such as preferred goals questions, coping questions, exception-seeking questions, and the miracle question.

• The therapist helps clients to explore what they would like things to be different, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate the changes are happening.

• SFT is designed to be brief and the therapist must shift the focus from talking about problems to exploring solutions as soon as possible.

• SFT is a collaborative process where the therapist helps clients to identify their preferred goals, use their strengths and resources, and explore ways to make a difference.

• SFT is future-oriented and focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

• The therapist takes a non-knowing position, creating a collaborative relationship and a climate of mutual respect.

• SFT is a goal-directed therapy that helps clients to explore what they would like things to be different, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate the changes are happening.

• SFT uses specific questions to guide the therapy process and helps clients to use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on the client's goals and the resources required to solve the problem.

• SFT is a collaborative process where the therapist helps clients to identify their preferred goals, use their strengths and resources, and explore ways to make a difference.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

• SFT is a goal-directed therapy that helps clients to explore what they would like things to be different, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate the changes are happening.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative process where the therapist helps clients to identify their preferred goals, use their strengths and resources, and explore ways to make a difference.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

• SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

• SFT is a future-oriented therapy

• REBT is a comprehensive cognitive-affective-behavioral therapy that assumes the interaction of cognitions, emotions, and behaviors have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship

• We have the potential for both rational and irrational thinking, and we learn irrational beliefs through self-talk and cultural influences

• The focus of REBT is on changing cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes, and the belief that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, and reactions

• REBT suggests that human beings disturb themselves in two main ways: holding irrational beliefs about the self (ego disturbance) and emotional or physical comfort (discomfort disturbance)

• Ego disturbance results from holding demands about one's self and subsequent negative self-evaluations, leading to anxiety and avoidance of failure situations

• Discomfort disturbance results from demands about others and the world, leading to low frustration and discomfort tolerance, and catastrophizing when discomfort occurs

• Irrational beliefs are often overlearned, rehearsed since childhood, and based on grandiose demands, while rational beliefs are internally consistent, empirically verifiable, and help us attain our goals

• REBT provides methods for changing irrational beliefs, such as: disputing the beliefs, examining the evidence, and considering alternative beliefs

• Common cognitive distortions include absolutist thinking, awfully thinking, and can't-stand-it thinking, which result in excessive emotions and maladaptive behaviors

• REBT uses the ABCDE model to identify and challenge irrational beliefs: A is the activating event, B is the belief system, C is the emotional/behavioral consequences, D is disputing the belief, and E is the emotional/behavioral effects of the revised belief.

• Person-centered therapy focuses on the therapist being genuine and real, matching their words with their behaviors and not hiding their true self.

• Unconditional positive regards involves accepting clients as valuable individuals and allowing them the freedom to discuss themselves, demonstrating empathy and compassion.

• Empathic understanding is a core tenet of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

• The therapist's awareness of their own experience and congruence is important for understanding the client's experience.

• The therapeutic process involves the client coming in for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for free expression, examining negative feelings, and ultimately gaining insight and self-acceptance.

• Small behavioral changes and increased self-direction are signs of progress in person-centered therapy.

• The therapy process can be broken down into stages, including the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers, the founder of person-centered therapy, believed in facilitating clients' access to their inner experience and validating their emotional information.

• Person-centered therapy encourages greater tolerance for ambiguity and a capacity to look at things from different angles, increasing cognitive complexity and emotional resilience.

• Empathic understanding is important for understanding the client's subjective world and is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand.

• Rogers believed that helping relationships could be deeply therapeutic for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for facilitating personal growth.

• Person-centered therapy is an approach to therapy that emphasizes the importance of the therapist being real and genuine, creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner experiences and gain greater self-understanding.

• Unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding are key components of the therapeutic relationship, allowing clients to feel accepted and understood while they explore their emotions and develop greater insight into themselves.

• Person-centered therapy encourages clients to look at things from different perspectives, increasing their cognitive complexity and emotional resilience.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

• Empathic understanding is important for understanding the client's subjective world and is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand.

• Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapist being real and genuine, creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner experiences and gain greater self-understanding.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers, the founder of person-centered therapy, believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

• Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

• The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

• Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

• Empathic understanding is important for understanding the client's subjective world and is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand.

• Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapist being real and genuine, creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner experiences and gain greater self-understanding.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

• Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

• The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

• Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

• Empathic understanding is important for understanding the client's subjective world and is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand.

• Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapist being real and genuine, creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner experiences and gain greater self-understanding.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

• Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

• The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

• Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

• Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

• The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

• Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

• Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

• Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

• The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

• Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

• The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial

• Behavior variation: When encountering an unpleasant situation, such as a candy machine stealing money, individuals may change their behavior, like holding the button down longer before releasing it.

• Emotional response: Frustration, an emotional reaction to the withdrawal of an expected reinforcer, can lead to aggressive behavior.

• Aggression: After extinction of a behavior, a pigeon may attack another pigeon, and humans may react with anger towards those blocking them from achieving a goal.

• Token economy: A method of reinforcement where an individual is awarded points or chips for engaging in desirable behaviors, which can be exchanged for goods or privileges.

• Social skills training: A therapeutic approach aimed at teaching assertive communication, including expressing emotions, initiating conversations, and handling limitations.

• Cognitive theories: Theories focusing on how behavior is learned and maintained through observation, positive consequences, and cognitive processes like plans, expectations, and beliefs.

• Self-efficacy: The belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior to achieve a desired outcome, as per Bandura's triadic reciprocal interaction system.

• Behavioral ABCs: A behavior change approach aimed at increasing positive behaviors, improving coping skills, and identifying and changing maladaptive behaviors.

• Goal setting: Specific, measurable goals, like talking to a boss about getting paid for overtime, are more effective in achieving desired outcomes.

• In-class exercises:

  • Exercise 1: A client with a fear of dirt may have learned the fear through modeling or classical conditioning.
  • Exercise 2: Response economy is not a part of the token economy.
  • Exercise 3: The client's fear may be reduced through desensitization or in vivo exposure to snakes.

• References: Several texts by authors like Archer, Corey, Deborah, Gerald, Mcleod, and Raymond, discussing theories and practices of counseling and psychotherapy.

◼Cognitive theory developed by Aaron Temkin Beck:

• Beck is an American psychiatrist, widely regarded as the father of cognitive therapy.
• Theory widely used in treatment of clinical depression.
• Developed self-report measures of depression and anxiety: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).

◼Collaborative empiricism approach:

• Beck does not aim to convince clients of irrational beliefs.
• Instead, he works together with clients to help them discover the maladaptive nature of their automatic thoughts.
• Requires therapist to work within client's frame of reference.

◼Cognitive therapy key concepts:

• Individuals are exposed to specific situations that trigger automatic, maladaptive thoughts.
• Maladaptive thoughts are too narrow, too broad, too extreme, or inaccurate.
• Derived from deeply held maladaptive core beliefs or schemas.
• Core beliefs and schemas are relatively permanent notions about objects, people, or concepts.
• Schemas exert influence through unconscious information processing.

◼Core beliefs and schemas:

• About self: I am smart, I am lovable, I am selfish, I am incompetent, I am unlovable.
• About others: Others are kind, others will take care of me, others are mean, others will take advantage of me.
• About the world: The world is just, the world is stable, the world is dangerous, the world is unjust.

◼Intermediate beliefs (conditional assumptions):

• Beliefs in the form of "if. then" rules.
• Examples: "If I do whatever people want, then they will like me." "If I trust others, I'll get hurt."

◼Automatic thoughts:

• Moment-to-moment cognitions that occur without effort.
• Significant in linking to mood and behavioral responses.
• Errors in processing include an emphasis on the negative aspects of life events, a preoccupation with possible adverse meanings, and self-blame.

◼Cognitive distortions:

• All-or-nothing thinking: We must be perfect or we're a failure; no middle ground, placing people or situations in "either/or" categories.
• Example: "If I cannot get 100 marks, I am a failure."