Therapy Goals and Evaluation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Who were the developers of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)?

  • Aaron Beck and Virginia Satir
  • Steve de Shazer and Milton Erickson
  • Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg (correct)
  • Carl Rogers and Insoo Kim Berg

    • When was the treatment manual on SFBT first developed?

  • 2008 (correct)
  • 2015
  • 1990
  • 1985

    • What is the basic philosophy of SFBT?

  • Therapeutic focus on client’s present not future.
  • Therapeutic focus on client’s past and present, not future.
  • Therapeutic focus on client’s past not future.
  • Therapeutic focus on client’s desired future not past. (correct)

    • What does SFBT view people as?

    <p>Healthy, competent, and resourceful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SFBT focus on in therapy?

    <p>Looking for what is working</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to SFBT, what do small increments of change lead to?

    <p>Large increments of improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the counsellor's skills in SFBT?

    <p>Inviting the client to build their own solution not diagnose and treat problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In solution-focused therapy, asking 'When did the problem NOT occur' is referred to as:

    <p>An exception-seeking question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One who practices SFBT posits the view that:

    <p>There is some inherent mechanism in each one of us (cognitive schemas) that functions to create one’s reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A client ready to work on defining preferred goals and problem solving would be viewed as a:

    <p>Changer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with positive outcomes within SFBT?

    <p>Positive expectancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Solution-focused questions have been found to produce a significantly greater increase in self-efficacy, goal approach, and action steps than problem-focused questions' - this statement is supported by:

    <p>'Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A systematic review and meta-summary of process research' by Franklin et al.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Critics of SFBT argue that it may not adequately address clients with serious mental issues due to its:

    <p>Simplicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of SFBT?

    <p>Mechanistic application of techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is specifically used for building solutions with clients in SFBT?

    <p>Co-construction of meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Asking 'When did the problem NOT occur.' is an example of:'

    <p>'Exception-seeking question'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In solution-focused brief therapy, which technique emphasizes the client's strengths?

    <p>Miracle Questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of scaling questions in solution-focused brief therapy?

    <p>To help clients see the potential for positive change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using solution-focused brief therapy, what do therapists ask clients about in Coping Questions?

    <p>Effective ways they've coped with the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reframing aim to achieve in solution-focused brief therapy?

    <p>Motivating clients towards change by changing negative statements into positive goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Exception-Seeking Questions in solution-focused brief therapy?

    <p>Identifying exceptions when the problem didn't exist or had less intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)?

    <p>Collaborative and future-focused approach emphasizing client's strengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFT), what is the therapist's stance on change?

    <p>Non-pathological and non-judgmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of relationships that clients may have with the therapist in SFT?

    <p>Customer, complainer, visitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do complainants do in SFT?

    <p>Describe the problem but do not take an active role in constructing a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapist's position in SFT?

    <p>Non-knowing and collaborative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions does SFT use to guide the therapy process?

    <p>Solution-focused questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do visitors do in SFT?

    <p>Describe the problem but do not take an active role in constructing a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFT)?

    <p>Small, realistic, and achievable changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    REBT helps clients deal primarily with:

    <p>irrational beliefs that have an unpleasant activating event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement is not true about Ellis’ theory?

    <p>He saw empathy as critical to building the relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asking the client to close their eyes and focus intensely on the situation that is causing them extreme emotional upset and then working on changing a self-defeating emotion to an appropriate emotion is called:

    <p>rational-emotive imagery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In REBT, what is a potential limitation related to therapist's confrontational style?

    <p>It may overwhelm some clients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Extensive training is required to practice Cognitive Behavior approaches' - this statement refers to:

    <p>'Extensive training is required for practicing Cognitive Behavior approaches.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REBT not emphasize according to its limitations?

    <p>Exploration of client's feelings and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential misuse of power by therapists in REBT?

    <p>Imposing their ideas of what constitutes 'rational' thinking on a client.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism of REBT according to its limitations?

    <p>It does not emphasize the client's past, saying it is ineffective in helping clients change faulty thinking and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REBT lack according to its limitations?

    <p>The concern for unconscious processes and ego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered as one of the originators of the cognitive revolutionary paradigm shift in psychotherapy?

    <p>Albert Ellis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on a 1982 professional survey, who was considered as the second most influential psychotherapist in history?

    <p>Albert Ellis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)?

    <p>Attaining maximum pleasure and self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Albert Ellis, what is it that makes us disturbed?

    <p>Our view of events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Happiness is the goal of all human beings" - which therapy approach emphasizes this belief?

    <p>Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REBT consider as affecting whether individuals attain maximum pleasure and self-actualization?

    <p>Individual's belief system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the ranking of Albert Ellis in a 1982 professional survey of USA and Canadian psychologists?

    <p>Second most influential psychotherapist in history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

    <p>Identifying and disputing irrational beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of shame-attacking exercises in REBT?

    <p>To help clients understand that approval from others is not necessary for self-acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ABC Model in REBT refer to?

    <p>Activating event, Belief, Consequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rational emotive imagery in REBT?

    <p>To have clients focus on the situation causing emotional disturbances and change upsetting feelings to more reasonable emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does operant conditioning involve in REBT?

    <p>Arranging reinforcements and penalties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of skill training and modeling in REBT?

    <p>Teaching clients various skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

    <p>Changing cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does REBT suggest that human beings disturb themselves?

    <p>Holding irrational beliefs about the self and emotional or physical comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common cognitive distortions according to REBT?

    <p>Absolutist thinking, awfully thinking, and can't-stand-it thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model does REBT use to identify and challenge irrational beliefs?

    <p>ABCDE model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main ways in which human beings disturb themselves according to REBT?

    <p>Ego disturbance and discomfort disturbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some methods provided by REBT for changing irrational beliefs?

    <p>Disputing the beliefs, examining the evidence, and considering alternative beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Carl Rogers' original academic major before he eventually switched to clinical psychology?

    <p>Agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the humanistic worldview, what do people at their core tend to be?

    <p>Trustworthy and positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Carl Rogers known for being the founder of?

    <p>Nondirective – Clientcentered / Person-centered Therapy (PCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carl Rogers record for the first time in the field of counseling?

    <p>Counseling sessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to person-centered therapy, what is one of the six conditions crucial for therapeutic change?

    <p>Genuineness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of person-centered therapy?

    <p>Facilitating self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the theory of Core Self-Evaluations and its role in job and life satisfaction?

    <p>Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., &amp; Locke, E. A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which publication can the Positive Therapy theory be found?

    <p>Positive psychology in practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for developing the theory of religious coping and spirituality's relationship to adjustment and psychological distress?

    <p>Van Dyke, C. J., Glenwick, D. S., Cecero, J. J., &amp; Kim, S.-K.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which author contributed to the development of the American Dream theory?

    <p>Kasser, T., &amp; Ryan, R. M.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for developing the Authenticity Scale?

    <p>Wood,A.M.,Linley,P.A.,Maltby,J.,Baliousis,M.,&amp;Joseph,S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which publication can Raymond's 'Current Psychotherapies' be found?

    <p>Journal of Applied Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Person-Centered Therapy according to the limitations mentioned in the text?

    <p>Too Individualistic and optimistic view of human nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about well-being and character strengths, based on the empirical support for Person-Centered Theory?

    <p>Well-being is associated with character strengths such as enthusiasm, hope, love, and curiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term 'unconditional positive regard' best described as?

    <p>A sense of acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carl Rogers, what will develop when a child is called 'stupid' for making mistakes on homework?

    <p>Conditions of worth will develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about intrinsic aspirations and well-being, based on the empirical support for Person-Centered Theory?

    <p>Intrinsic aspirations are associated with greater well-being, self-actualization, and less distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of Person-Centered Therapy according to cultural considerations mentioned in the text?

    <p>Individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal locus of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the humanistic approach to personality development, which of the following represents our goals and aspirations?

    <p>Ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In person-centered therapy, what does the therapist provide to the client?

    <p>Empathy and unconditional positive regard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to psychological dysfunction according to the humanistic approach?

    <p>Incongruence between self-concept and reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of person-centered therapy?

    <p>Providing unconditional positive regard and empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor forms the basis for self-esteem according to the humanistic approach?

    <p>$Self-worth$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to humanistic approach, what are conditions of worth based on?

    <p>Societal rules seeking approval from significant others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core tenet of person-centered therapy that helps clients become aware of their inner subjective experiences and develop a greater capacity for self-evaluation?

    <p>Empathic understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the therapeutic process in person-centered therapy involves examining negative feelings and ultimately gaining insight and self-acceptance?

    <p>Achieving self-understanding and autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carl Rogers believe was deeply therapeutic for clients and essential for fostering personal growth in person-centered therapy?

    <p>Unconditional positive regard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does person-centered therapy encourage clients to develop, increasing their cognitive complexity and emotional resilience?

    <p>Greater tolerance for ambiguity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the therapist's awareness of their own experience contribute to in person-centered therapy?

    <p>Fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand in person-centered therapy?

    <p>Creating a safe and supportive environment for clients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumption of behavioral therapy on problematic behaviors?

    <p>Both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are acquired, maintained, and changed in the same way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of behavior change according to the text?

    <p>Reduced avoidance and self-defeating activities usually provide short-term relief but create more problems in the long run</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does behavioral case conceptualization involve?

    <p>Assessment of context within which a behavior occurs, hypothesis about causes, maintaining factors, and treatment interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may psychopathology be a function of according to behavioral therapy?

    <p>Inadequate learning or skill deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of systematic desensitization as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli paired with relaxation techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the procedure used in behavioral therapy to apply reinforcement in daily lives?

    <p>Schedule of reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does behavioral therapy suggest about the acquisition and maintenance of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors?

    <p>They are acquired, maintained, and changed in similar ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a function of psychopathology according to behavioral therapy?

    <p>Inadequate learning or skill deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reduced responsiveness to a relatively meaningless stimulus after repeated exposure?

    <p>Habituation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the weakening or elimination of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does systematic desensitization treat in classical conditioning through relaxation training?

    <p>Counter-conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PMR aim to extinguish as a stimulus for anxiety by pairing with pleasurable relaxation?

    <p>Muscle tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Removal of unpleasant increases likelihood of response' is associated with which type of operant conditioning?

    <p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pleasurable consequence increases likelihood of response' is related to which type of operant conditioning?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of token economy?

    <p>Rewarding individuals for engaging in desirable behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation might a pigeon exhibit aggression according to the text?

    <p>After extinction of a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-efficacy refer to according to Bandura's triadic reciprocal interaction system?

    <p>Belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior to achieve a desired outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cognitive theories according to the text?

    <p>Focusing on how behavior is learned and maintained through observation, positive consequences, and cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social skills training aim to teach according to the text?

    <p>Assertive communication including expressing emotions and initiating conversations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of desensitization or in vivo exposure in reducing fear according to the text?

    <p>Reducing fear through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of behavioral ABCs according to the text?

    <p>Increasing positive behaviors, improving coping skills, and identifying and changing maladaptive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of goal setting as per the text?

    <p>Setting specific, measurable goals for achieving desired outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does frustration lead to according to the text?

    <p>Aggressive behavior as an emotional response to withdrawal of an expected reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cognitive behavioral therapy, what is the recommended approach for eliciting more emotion from a client's thought?

    <p>Rephrasing it as a statement rather than a question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of depression, what does an avoidant attached individual believe about others?

    <p>Others are unpredictable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of negative self-evaluation in the context of depression?

    <p>&quot;I am unworthy&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'stepped approach' recommended by some health care systems?

    <p>A strategy involving minimal interventions for mild problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cognitive behavioral therapy, what is the recommended approach for turning questions into statements?

    <p>Turning them into statements rather than questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CBT primarily address?

    <p>The interactions between thoughts, emotions, and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of eliciting specific thoughts in cognitive behavioral therapy?

    <p>To evoke more emotion from the client</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key development in the 1990s in the field of psychotherapy?

    <p>Identification of empirically supported treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a thought rephrased to elicit more emotion in cognitive behavioral therapy?

    <p>&quot;My boss hates my work&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of cognitive therapy according to the text?

    <p>Cognitive schema, intermediate belief, and automatic thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of evidence-based medicine and psychotherapy as mentioned in the text?

    <p>To identify empirically supported treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mental health disciplines within North America according to the text?

    <p>Endorsing the need for training and practice in empirically supported therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive distortion involves predicting disaster in the future and ignoring a possible positive future?

    <p>Catastrophizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive distortion involves thinking that you cause negative things, rather than examining other causes?

    <p>Personalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used in behavioral therapy to apply reinforcement in daily lives?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which questioning technique aims to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of automatic thoughts and core beliefs?

    <p>Evaluation of usefulness and accuracy of automatic thoughts and core beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the stages of CBT?

    <p>Identifying cognitive patterns and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of case formulation in CBT?

    <p>Hypothesizing the nature of psychological difficulty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does recovery from psychological issues entail in CBT?

    <p>Remission and recovery lasting for a specified period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of goal setting in CBT?

    <p>Collaborative and client-centered process for establishing clear criteria for goal attainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of assessment in CBT?

    <p>Crucial for effective treatment planning involving collaborative interviewing and self-rating scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CBT aim to address regarding coping patterns?

    <p>Addressing current coping patterns, social support, and other factors contributing to psychological issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of collaborative empiricism approach in cognitive therapy?

    <p>Working within client's frame of reference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are automatic thoughts in cognitive therapy?

    <p>Cognitions that occur without effort and are linked to mood and behavioral responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do schemas exert influence through in cognitive therapy?

    <p>Unconscious information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are core beliefs and schemas in cognitive therapy?

    <p>Relatively permanent notions about objects, people, or concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of intermediate beliefs (conditional assumptions) in cognitive therapy?

    <p>To create rigid rules for thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of cognitive distortions in cognitive therapy?

    <p>'All-or-nothing' thinking: Placing people or situations in 'either/or' categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Co-construction is a collaborative process in communication where speaker and listener negotiate meanings using the client's language (Boyleas et al., 2013).

    • Clients in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFT) are asked to co-construct a vision of a preferred future and draw upon past successes, strengths, and resources.

    • SFT takes a non-pathological and non-judgmental stance on change.

    • SFT focuses on exceptions, or times when the problem is not present, and on the client's strengths.

    • SFT recognizes that the client may be in one of three relationships with the therapist: a customer, a complainer, or a visitor.

    • Customers actively engage in the solution-building process.

    • Complainants describe the problem but do not take an active role in constructing a solution.

    • Visitors attend therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem and may be reluctant to engage.

    • The therapist takes a non-knowing position and creates a collaborative relationship.

    • SFT is designed to be brief and focuses on the client's goals and the resources required to solve the problem.

    • The therapist shifts the focus from talking about problems to exploring solutions.

    • SFT uses specific questions to guide the therapy process, such as preferred goals questions, coping questions, exception-seeking questions, and the miracle question.

    • Preferred goals questions focus on the client's vision of the future.

    • Coping questions help clients to identify ways they have dealt with problems in the past.

    • Exception-seeking questions help clients to identify times when the problem was not present.

    • The miracle question helps clients to imagine a future where the problem has been resolved.

    • SFT is goal-directed and future-oriented, focusing on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

    • The therapist helps clients to explore their preferred goals, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate change is happening.

    • SFT is designed to be brief and the therapist must shift the focus from talking about problems to exploring solutions as soon as possible.

    • SFT helps clients to use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • The therapy process includes several stages, such as pre-session change, forming a collaborative relationship, describing the problem, establishing preferred goals, problem-solution focus, reaching preferred goals, and ending therapy.

    • The therapist believes that clients can define their goals and the resources required to solve their problems.

    • The therapist remains goal-directed and future-oriented, focusing on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

    • The therapist talks about solutions instead of problems and helps clients to explore what they would like things to be different, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate the changes are happening.

    • The therapist creates a collaborative relationship and a climate of mutual respect in which clients are free to create and explore solutions.

    • The therapist uses a variety of questions to guide the therapy process, such as preferred goals questions, coping questions, exception-seeking questions, and the miracle question.

    • The therapist helps clients to explore what they would like things to be different, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate the changes are happening.

    • SFT is designed to be brief and the therapist must shift the focus from talking about problems to exploring solutions as soon as possible.

    • SFT is a collaborative process where the therapist helps clients to identify their preferred goals, use their strengths and resources, and explore ways to make a difference.

    • SFT is future-oriented and focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

    • The therapist takes a non-knowing position, creating a collaborative relationship and a climate of mutual respect.

    • SFT is a goal-directed therapy that helps clients to explore what they would like things to be different, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate the changes are happening.

    • SFT uses specific questions to guide the therapy process and helps clients to use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on the client's goals and the resources required to solve the problem.

    • SFT is a collaborative process where the therapist helps clients to identify their preferred goals, use their strengths and resources, and explore ways to make a difference.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

    • SFT is a goal-directed therapy that helps clients to explore what they would like things to be different, how to make a difference, and what signs indicate the changes are happening.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative process where the therapist helps clients to identify their preferred goals, use their strengths and resources, and explore ways to make a difference.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a brief therapy that focuses on small, realistic, and achievable changes and uses specific questions to guide the therapy process.

    • SFT is a collaborative therapy that creates a climate of mutual respect and helps clients to identify their preferred goals and use their strengths and resources to construct solutions.

    • SFT is a future-oriented therapy

    • REBT is a comprehensive cognitive-affective-behavioral therapy that assumes the interaction of cognitions, emotions, and behaviors have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship

    • We have the potential for both rational and irrational thinking, and we learn irrational beliefs through self-talk and cultural influences

    • The focus of REBT is on changing cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes, and the belief that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, and reactions

    • REBT suggests that human beings disturb themselves in two main ways: holding irrational beliefs about the self (ego disturbance) and emotional or physical comfort (discomfort disturbance)

    • Ego disturbance results from holding demands about one's self and subsequent negative self-evaluations, leading to anxiety and avoidance of failure situations

    • Discomfort disturbance results from demands about others and the world, leading to low frustration and discomfort tolerance, and catastrophizing when discomfort occurs

    • Irrational beliefs are often overlearned, rehearsed since childhood, and based on grandiose demands, while rational beliefs are internally consistent, empirically verifiable, and help us attain our goals

    • REBT provides methods for changing irrational beliefs, such as: disputing the beliefs, examining the evidence, and considering alternative beliefs

    • Common cognitive distortions include absolutist thinking, awfully thinking, and can't-stand-it thinking, which result in excessive emotions and maladaptive behaviors

    • REBT uses the ABCDE model to identify and challenge irrational beliefs: A is the activating event, B is the belief system, C is the emotional/behavioral consequences, D is disputing the belief, and E is the emotional/behavioral effects of the revised belief.

    • Person-centered therapy focuses on the therapist being genuine and real, matching their words with their behaviors and not hiding their true self.

    • Unconditional positive regards involves accepting clients as valuable individuals and allowing them the freedom to discuss themselves, demonstrating empathy and compassion.

    • Empathic understanding is a core tenet of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

    • The therapist's awareness of their own experience and congruence is important for understanding the client's experience.

    • The therapeutic process involves the client coming in for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for free expression, examining negative feelings, and ultimately gaining insight and self-acceptance.

    • Small behavioral changes and increased self-direction are signs of progress in person-centered therapy.

    • The therapy process can be broken down into stages, including the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers, the founder of person-centered therapy, believed in facilitating clients' access to their inner experience and validating their emotional information.

    • Person-centered therapy encourages greater tolerance for ambiguity and a capacity to look at things from different angles, increasing cognitive complexity and emotional resilience.

    • Empathic understanding is important for understanding the client's subjective world and is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand.

    • Rogers believed that helping relationships could be deeply therapeutic for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for facilitating personal growth.

    • Person-centered therapy is an approach to therapy that emphasizes the importance of the therapist being real and genuine, creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner experiences and gain greater self-understanding.

    • Unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding are key components of the therapeutic relationship, allowing clients to feel accepted and understood while they explore their emotions and develop greater insight into themselves.

    • Person-centered therapy encourages clients to look at things from different perspectives, increasing their cognitive complexity and emotional resilience.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

    • Empathic understanding is important for understanding the client's subjective world and is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand.

    • Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapist being real and genuine, creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner experiences and gain greater self-understanding.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers, the founder of person-centered therapy, believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

    • Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

    • The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

    • Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

    • Empathic understanding is important for understanding the client's subjective world and is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand.

    • Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapist being real and genuine, creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner experiences and gain greater self-understanding.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

    • Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

    • The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

    • Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

    • Empathic understanding is important for understanding the client's subjective world and is not dependent on the therapist experiencing the situation firsthand.

    • Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapist being real and genuine, creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner experiences and gain greater self-understanding.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

    • Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

    • The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

    • Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

    • Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

    • The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

    • Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial readiness for therapy, defining the helping relationship, providing a safe place for expression, examining negative feelings, and achieving self-understanding and autonomy.

    • Carl Rogers believed that the therapeutic relationship was a deeply therapeutic experience for clients and that unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding were essential for fostering personal growth.

    • Empathic understanding is a core component of person-centered therapy, helping clients to become aware of their inner subjective experiences, validating emotional information, and developing a greater capacity for self-evaluation.

    • The therapist's awareness of their own experience is important for understanding the client's experience and fostering personal growth in the therapeutic relationship.

    • Person-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the role of unconditional positive regards and empathic understanding in facilitating personal growth.

    • The therapeutic process involves stages such as the client's initial

    • Behavior variation: When encountering an unpleasant situation, such as a candy machine stealing money, individuals may change their behavior, like holding the button down longer before releasing it.

    • Emotional response: Frustration, an emotional reaction to the withdrawal of an expected reinforcer, can lead to aggressive behavior.

    • Aggression: After extinction of a behavior, a pigeon may attack another pigeon, and humans may react with anger towards those blocking them from achieving a goal.

    • Token economy: A method of reinforcement where an individual is awarded points or chips for engaging in desirable behaviors, which can be exchanged for goods or privileges.

    • Social skills training: A therapeutic approach aimed at teaching assertive communication, including expressing emotions, initiating conversations, and handling limitations.

    • Cognitive theories: Theories focusing on how behavior is learned and maintained through observation, positive consequences, and cognitive processes like plans, expectations, and beliefs.

    • Self-efficacy: The belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior to achieve a desired outcome, as per Bandura's triadic reciprocal interaction system.

    • Behavioral ABCs: A behavior change approach aimed at increasing positive behaviors, improving coping skills, and identifying and changing maladaptive behaviors.

    • Goal setting: Specific, measurable goals, like talking to a boss about getting paid for overtime, are more effective in achieving desired outcomes.

    • In-class exercises:

      • Exercise 1: A client with a fear of dirt may have learned the fear through modeling or classical conditioning.
      • Exercise 2: Response economy is not a part of the token economy.
      • Exercise 3: The client's fear may be reduced through desensitization or in vivo exposure to snakes.

    • References: Several texts by authors like Archer, Corey, Deborah, Gerald, Mcleod, and Raymond, discussing theories and practices of counseling and psychotherapy.

    ◼Cognitive theory developed by Aaron Temkin Beck:

    • Beck is an American psychiatrist, widely regarded as the father of cognitive therapy.
    • Theory widely used in treatment of clinical depression.
    • Developed self-report measures of depression and anxiety: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).

    ◼Collaborative empiricism approach:

    • Beck does not aim to convince clients of irrational beliefs.
    • Instead, he works together with clients to help them discover the maladaptive nature of their automatic thoughts.
    • Requires therapist to work within client's frame of reference.

    ◼Cognitive therapy key concepts:

    • Individuals are exposed to specific situations that trigger automatic, maladaptive thoughts.
    • Maladaptive thoughts are too narrow, too broad, too extreme, or inaccurate.
    • Derived from deeply held maladaptive core beliefs or schemas.
    • Core beliefs and schemas are relatively permanent notions about objects, people, or concepts.
    • Schemas exert influence through unconscious information processing.

    ◼Core beliefs and schemas:

    • About self: I am smart, I am lovable, I am selfish, I am incompetent, I am unlovable.
    • About others: Others are kind, others will take care of me, others are mean, others will take advantage of me.
    • About the world: The world is just, the world is stable, the world is dangerous, the world is unjust.

    ◼Intermediate beliefs (conditional assumptions):

    • Beliefs in the form of "if. then" rules.
    • Examples: "If I do whatever people want, then they will like me." "If I trust others, I'll get hurt."

    ◼Automatic thoughts:

    • Moment-to-moment cognitions that occur without effort.
    • Significant in linking to mood and behavioral responses.
    • Errors in processing include an emphasis on the negative aspects of life events, a preoccupation with possible adverse meanings, and self-blame.

    ◼Cognitive distortions:

    • All-or-nothing thinking: We must be perfect or we're a failure; no middle ground, placing people or situations in "either/or" categories.
    • Example: "If I cannot get 100 marks, I am a failure."

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    Description

    This quiz contains preferred goals questions for therapy sessions, focusing on identifying positive outcomes and progress evaluation. Test your understanding of setting goals and evaluating progress in therapy.

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