Theory and Models in Sports Science

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following external factors significantly impacts thermoregulation during exercise?

Genetic factors

Hormonal changes

Psychological stress

Clothing and insulation (correct)

What is the primary mechanism the body utilizes to dissipate heat during exercise?

Sweating (correct)

Increased respiration rate

Vasoconstriction

Shivering

What physiological adaptation helps the body cope with cold environments?

Decreased metabolic rate

Increased heart rate

Increased sweating

Vasoconstriction (correct)

How does pre-cooling impact performance in hot environments?

Enhances cardiovascular efficiency (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key takeaway from the example of the 2019 World Championships in Doha?

Monitoring core body temperature is crucial in extreme heat conditions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?

To serve as the central regulator, responding to thermal inputs (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these reflects an external measurement variable in athletic monitoring?

Running speed (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a method the body uses to dissipate heat?

Shivering (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body react to a cold environment in terms of its metabolic rate?

It increases the metabolic rate to produce heat (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a microcycle and a mesocycle in training?

Microcycles are shorter training cycles that form a bigger mesocycle, showing a progressive structure. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physiological responses describes hyperthermia?

A core body temperature exceeding 40°C. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If an athlete is training to improve their endurance, which of these is most crucial?

Monitoring heart rate during training. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of core body temperature that the body tries to maintain for optimal functioning?

36.1°C to 37.8°C (B) Signup and view all the answers

What process is MOST directly responsible for muscle growth after microtrauma from strength training?

Increased protein synthesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Dalton's Law, if the total atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, and the partial pressure of nitrogen (PN2) is 593 mmHg, what other gas partial pressure is contributing the most to the overall pressure?

Oxygen (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is PRIMARILY associated with stimulating muscle regeneration and repair?

Growth Hormone (hGH) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the IMMEDIATE physiological response of the body to acute hypoxia?

Increased heart rate and respiration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does hemoglobin (Hb) play in oxygen transport?

It binds to oxygen for transport to tissues. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the body's chronic adaptation to hypoxia, such as at higher altitudes?

To boost red blood cell production for increased oxygen transport (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stress related to strength training is characterized by the accumulation of metabolites like lactate?

Metabolic stress (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does oxygen move from the lungs into the bloodstream?

Diffusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge when researching endurance training adaptations?

The variation in individual responses and environmental conditions (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of excitation-contraction coupling in muscle fibers?

A nerve impulse causing action potential in muscle, which leads to calcium release, causing muscle contraction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary characteristics of Type I muscle fibers?

High endurance, low power output and fatigue resistance. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is primarily responsible for the initial increase in strength observed during early strength training programs?

Improvements in the coordination of motor units and muscle fibers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes muscle plasticity?

The ability of a muscle to adapt to different forms of stress. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of muscle atrophy?

A decrease in muscle size due to prolonged bed rest. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fiber is primarily recruited during a high-intensity strength activity, like a max squat lift?

Type IIx (fast-twitch) fibers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is sarcopenia?

Age-related loss of muscle mass. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided material, which of the following is a consequence of high oxygen levels?

Free radical formation leading to oxidative damage (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason carbon monoxide (CO) is dangerous?

It reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen due to its high affinity to hemoglobin. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the WHO definition, health is best described as:

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the biopsychosocial model of health emphasize?

The complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors on health. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-modifiable risk factor according to the risk factor approach (pathogenetic model)?

Genetic predisposition (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the risk factor approach (pathogenetic model)?

Preventing disease by addressing modifiable risk factors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What would be one potential physiological effect of chronic exposure to low doses of carbon monoxide?

An increase in VO2max and hemoglobin mass. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon monoxide rebreathing banned for performance enhancement?

Because of its toxicity and health risks. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring in athletic training?

To evaluate the cardiovascular system's response to the stress of physical activity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of using notation systems and video technology in sports performance analysis?

To analyze the technical aspects of performance and game tactics. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'validity' refer to in the context of performance monitoring tools?

The accuracy of a tool in measuring what it is designed to measure. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is most likely used to estimate the reliability of a tracking measure?

Coefficient of Variance (CV). (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an 'internal' measurement in the athletic tracking metrics?

Heart Rate. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the measure 'sRPE' refer to in athlete monitoring?

A subjective measure of the athlete's perceived effort. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is periodization used in sports performance monitoring, according to the text?

By monitoring training loads relative to each other to avoid overtraining. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the example provided for tracking individual players, what does the term 'relative intensity' most likely refer to?

The distance covered divided by the time taken. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Theory and Models 1

Focuses on interdisciplinary theories and models in sports science
Applications span various fields, including health sports, recreational sports, fitness, and competitive sports

Evidence-Based Models

Origin of Evidence Pyramids: Rooted in medicine, ranks evidence quality from lowest to highest.
Example: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) used with female athletes and menstrual cycles.
Highest level of evidence: Meta-Analysis

Coaching vs. Science

Science Perspective: Interested in generalizable group data and focuses on removing confounding variables.
Coaching Perspective: Addresses individual athlete needs and incorporates various variables such as personal history, emotions. Uses practical experience and science blending.

Linear vs. Non-Linear Systems

Linear: Stable, predictable, and repeatable; often oversimplifies complex biological processes
Non-Linear: Dynamic, sensitive, and unpredictable; more representative of complex human physiological systems

Theories vs. Models

Theory: Explains broad phenomena; broad and abstract
Model: Represents specific processes; narrow and concrete; generates hypotheses; practical tool for decision-making

Why Use Models?

Simplify complex systems for a better understanding.
Aid in decision-making for coaches.
Provide a standardized framework for research and application.

Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning

Inductive: Specific observations lead to general theories
Deductive: General theories lead to specific predictions

Coaching Framework

Factors influencing coaching decisions: athlete biology (fatigue, thermoregulation, menstrual cycle), psychological models (stress response, motivation), external factors (environment, financial resources), and technology (tools for monitoring training and performance)

Personalized Training

Tailoring training based on athlete's performance outcome, day-to-day adjustments, and long-term cost-benefit assessments. Includes psychological and physiological readiness.

Challenges and Issues with Periodization 2

Key Concepts: Periodization—strategic division of training into phases (macrocycle, mesocycle, microcycle) to optimize performance.
Biological and Genetic Factors: Individual adaptations vary due to genetic differences; genetic markers predict VO2 max trainability.
Training Models: Training models like Polarized, Pyramidal, and Threshold Training vary in how they emphasize different intensity zones.
Intensity Zones: Defined intensity zones using heart rate and Borg scale.
Timing and Recovery: mRNA adaptation returns to baseline within 24 hours, but responses can vary; importance of injury prevention.

Mixed vs. Block Periodization

Mixed Periodization: Targets multiple areas simultaneously
Block Periodization: Focuses on specific areas (like strength or endurance) for better adaptation.

Endurance Performance and VO2 max

VO2 max: Maximum oxygen uptake is the highest rate the body can use oxygen during exercise; a primary determinant of endurance.
Typical VO2 max values for different demographics exist.

Fick Equation and Oxygen Transport

Fick Equation: Describes oxygen transport (VO2 = HR × SV × a-vO2 difference). Values for various components (HR, SV, a-vO2) exist.

Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS)

Exercise intensity where lactate production equals lactate clearance.
Exercise above MLSS leads to lactate accumulation and acidosis.

Running Economy (RE)

Definition: Energy expenditure at a specific submaximal running speed.
Important values exist for different groups (East African runners, athletes, students)

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

Benefits: Running economy improvement by 1-7%
Focus: VO2 max and lactate thresholds

Altitude Training

Improves endurance performance through increased hemoglobin mass; Challenges associated with altitude exposure variability.

Hypoxic Training Methods

Live high, train low (LHTL): Athletes train at lower altitudes to maintain training intensity.
Artificial Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen levels at normal or increased pressure.
Acute hypoxic exposure: Short bursts of training or exercise in hypoxic conditions.
Training Duration: High concentration for several weeks to maximize erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).

Hyperoxic Training

Mechanism: Breathing high oxygen concentrations before or during training to enhance oxygen delivery.
Acute Effects: Improves tissue oxygenation.
Chronic Effects: Improves VO2 max and aerobic capacity.
Hyperoxic Recovery: Reduces muscle soreness and speeds recovery.

Oxygen Toxicity and Free Radical Formation

Prolonged high oxygen levels can damage lung tissue and other areas.
Results in the formation of free radicals.

Health Models 6

What is Health? A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, beyond the absence of disease or infirmity.
Biopsychosocial Model: Recognition of the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in determining health.
Risk Factor Approach: Identifies factors that increase disease risk, targeting modifiable risk factors (smoking, poor diet) for health improvement.
Salutogenic Model: Focuses on health-promoting factors like the Sense of Coherence (SOC).

Salutogenic Model

Sense of Coherence (SOC): Person's ability to manage stress, maintain health amidst challenges.

Emphasizes individual, interpersonal, environmental, and political/societal factors impacting health.

Theories of Health Behavior Change

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): Health behaviors are predicted by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT): Motivation behind choices—autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Determinants of Health and Exercise Performance

Individual level (genetics, habits), social level (support, expectations), and environmental/political level (resources, policies).

Tracking and Monitoring Overview

Tracking and monitoring are critical for analyzing athlete performance and well-being.
Technologies for tracking include video, GPS, RFID systems, and physiological sensors.

Key types of Measurements:

External measurements: Distance, speed, accelerations, decelerations.
Internal measurements: Heart rate, lactate levels, respiratory data.

Tracking Systems and Technologies

Methods of position determination: Video, Satellite (GPS/GNSS), Radio-based (RFID).
Physiological monitoring: Heart rate, respiratory.
Analysis & Visualization: Technical/tactical, team management.

Validity and Reliability

Validity: The accuracy of a measurement (a GPS accurately measuring run distance)
Reliability: Consistency of a measurement (getting similar results under similar conditions).

What Can We Measure?

External Measurements: distance, speed, accelerations, high-intensity activities, metabolic power, etc.
Internal Measurements: Heart rate, RPE (rating of perceived exertion), Lactate levels

Practical Application in Team Sports

Tracking individual players (e.g., specific distances covered, intensity levels).
Periodization: Monitoring training load (acute-to-chronic workload ratios) and structuring microcycles & mesocycles.

Thermoregulation

Overview: The body's processes for maintaining core temperature (36.1-37.8°C).
Mechanisms: Heat production (shivering, muscular activity), heat dissipation (radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation (sweating)).
Extreme Conditions: Hyperthermia (excessive heat), hypothermia (low body temp).
Influences: Gender, exercise intensity, clothing, environment.
Cooling Strategies: Pre-cooling, heat acclimatization, cooling methods (e.g., cooling vests, ice slurry)

Selecting Variables for Monitoring

Important variables for measuring athletic performance depend on training goals, sport demands, and both internal & external measurements.

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Description

Explore the interdisciplinary theories and models in sports science, focusing on their applications in health, recreational, and competitive sports. This quiz covers evidence-based models, the balance between coaching and scientific approaches, and the dynamics of linear versus non-linear systems.