Theories of Personality Assessment
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary interest of the Economic personality type according to Spranger?

  • Love of people
  • Power
  • What is useful (correct)
  • Discovery of truth

Which personality type values form and harmony the most?

  • Social
  • Political
  • Theoretical
  • Aesthetic (correct)

What did Gordon Allport categorize personality traits into?

  • Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Traits
  • Fundamental, Core, and Peripheral Traits
  • Cardinal, Central, and Secondary Traits (correct)
  • Major, Minor, and Behavioral Traits

Which of the following is one of Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factors?

<p>Emotional Stability vs High-strung (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits from Cattell's model reflects a tendency towards reassurance?

<p>Apprehension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Theoretical personality type?

<p>Discovering truth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical method did Cattell use to identify his key personality traits?

<p>Factor analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait from Cattell's model indicates a person's adaptability to change?

<p>Openness to Change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the Political personality type in Spranger's theory?

<p>Focus on power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of trait refers to characteristics that dominate a person's behavior?

<p>Cardinal Traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of personality?

<p>Long-standing traits and patterns that influence behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a sanguine personality type?

<p>Highly talkative and enthusiastic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did F. Gall introduce to connect personality traits to physical characteristics?

<p>Phrenology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to W.H. Sheldon, which body type is linked to being adventurous and courageous?

<p>Mesomorph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following temperaments is associated with being analytical and deep-thinking?

<p>Melancholic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did I.P. Pavlov associate with personality types?

<p>Nervous system strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperament is known for being relaxed and peaceful?

<p>Phlegmatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believe about personality?

<p>It is influenced by an imbalance of bodily humors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trait is commonly associated with choleric individuals?

<p>Highly decisive and independent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body type according to Sheldon is described as self-conscious and thin?

<p>Ectomorph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two dimensions of personality identified by H.J. Eysenck?

<p>Introversion/Extroversion and Neuroticism/Stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the psychoanalytic approach, what part of the mind is considered the most primitive?

<p>Id (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological test is commonly known as the 'inkblot test'?

<p>Rorschach Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of psychological examination?

<p>To evaluate personality structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This trait is characterized by individuals who may be antisocial, hostile, and manipulate others. What is this trait called?

<p>Psychoticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy?

<p>Operant conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In personality assessment, what are projective tests designed to do?

<p>Uncover underlying thoughts and feelings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that classical conditioning relies on?

<p>Association between stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the superego represent in the structural model of personality?

<p>Internalized moral values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes extraversion?

<p>Enjoy being the center of attention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Thematic Apperception Test primarily assess?

<p>Aggression and achievement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many items does the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) contain?

<p>566 items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence test introduced the concept of IQ?

<p>Binet-Simon scale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by an IQ score below 70?

<p>Intellectual disability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the clock test in neuropsychological assessment?

<p>To assess visual-spatial abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adaptive functioning refer to in the context of intellectual disability?

<p>Age-appropriate daily activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven distinct kinds of intelligence identified?

<p>Emotional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of testing is primarily used for assessing organic brain syndrome?

<p>Neuropsychologic testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following variables is NOT part of the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing intellectual disability?

<p>History of trauma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating IQ?

<p>IQ = (MA:CA) x 100 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spranger's Value Orientations

A theory that categorizes personalities based on their dominant values, such as truth (theoretical), usefulness (economic), beauty (aesthetic), love (social), power (political), and unity/altruism (religious).

Theoretical Personality

A personality type driven by a deep interest in understanding and discovering truth, often found in scientists, researchers, and philosophers.

Economic Personality

A personality type focused on practicality, usefulness, and efficiency, often found in businesspeople, entrepreneurs, and engineers.

Aesthetic Personality

A personality type driven by beauty, form, and harmony, often found in artists, musicians, and designers.

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Social Personality

A personality type driven by love, compassion, and helping others, often found in caregivers, social workers, and activists.

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Political Personality

A personality type driven by power, influence, and leadership, often found in politicians, leaders, and managers.

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Religious Personality

A personality type driven by unity, altruism, and spiritual values, often found in religious leaders, spiritual seekers, and people who seek meaning beyond the material world.

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Trait Theories of Personality

Theories that describe personality by identifying and measuring individual differences in stable personality characteristics known as traits.

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Cardinal Traits (Allport)

Dominant traits that influence almost all of a person's behavior, shaping their life and identity. They are rare and often develop later in life.

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Central Traits (Allport)

General characteristics that describe a person's major personality aspects, influencing their thoughts, feelings, and actions in most situations.

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Personality

Enduring traits and patterns that influence how a person thinks, feels, and behaves consistently.

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Hippocrates' Humors

Ancient theory associating four bodily fluids (yellow bile, black bile, red blood, white phlegm) with personality types: choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic.

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Choleric Temperament

Associated with yellow bile (from the liver) and characterized by being energetic, ambitious, impulsive, and quick-tempered.

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Melancholic Temperament

Linked to black bile (from the kidneys) and described as thoughtful, analytical, serious, and prone to sadness.

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Sanguine Temperament

Connected to red blood (from the heart) and associated with being cheerful, optimistic, sociable, and outgoing.

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Phlegmatic Temperament

Related to white phlegm (from the lungs) and characterized by calm, patient, peaceful, and relaxed nature.

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Phrenology

Outdated theory that claimed personality traits, character, and mental abilities could be determined by measuring bumps on the skull.

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Sheldon's Body Types

Theory associating body types (endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) with personality traits.

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Endomorph

Body type characterized by roundness, commonly associated with relaxed, tolerant, and comfortable personalities.

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Mesomorph

Body type characterized by athletic build, commonly associated with adventurous, courageous, and assertive personalities.

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test used to assess personality and unconscious motives by asking individuals to tell stories about ambiguous pictures.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A widely used objective personality test that measures different psychological traits and disorders by asking individuals to respond to a series of true/false statements.

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Neuropsychologic Testing

A type of assessment used to evaluate cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, and language, often used to detect brain damage or cognitive decline.

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Intelligence (IQ)

A measure of an individual's cognitive abilities, including reasoning, problem-solving, and learning from experience.

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Mental Age (MA)

A measure of a child's cognitive abilities compared to the average child of a specific age.

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Chronological Age (CA)

A person's actual age in years.

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IQ Score

A numerical score representing a person's intelligence level, calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.

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Adaptive Skills

The ability to perform everyday life activities, such as dressing, eating, socializing, and managing money, in a socially appropriate manner.

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Intellectual Disability (ID)

A neurodevelopmental disability characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, typically diagnosed with an IQ below 70.

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DSM-5 Criteria for Intellectual Disability

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines intellectual disability by three criteria: 1) deficits in intellectual functioning, 2) deficits in adaptive functioning, and 3) onset of these deficits during childhood.

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Introversion/Extroversion

One of the two dimensions of personality, as proposed by H.J. Eysenck. It describes a person's tendency to focus on their inner world (introversion) or outward experiences (extroversion).

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Neuroticism/Stability

Another dimension of personality proposed by H.J. Eysenck, it describes a person's emotional stability or tendency to have negative emotions and anxiety (neuroticism).

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Psychoticism

A personality trait characterized by detachment from reality, antisocial behavior, hostility, and manipulation. Individuals high in this trait may have difficulty connecting with others.

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The Big Five Theory

A prominent theory of personality describing five broad personality traits: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN).

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What is the basic premise of psychoanalytic theory?

The basic premise of psychoanalytic theory is that unconscious processes, such as repressed thoughts and desires, significantly influence an individual's behavior and personality.

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Id

The most primitive and instinctual part of the personality according to Freud. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and impulses.

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Ego

The mediator between the Id and the Superego. It operates on the reality principle, attempting to find realistic ways to satisfy the Id's desires while considering societal constraints.

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Superego

Represents internalized societal morals and values, acting as a conscience and guiding the individual towards ethical behavior. It can be harsh and judgmental.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where individuals associate their actions with their consequences. Behavior that leads to positive outcomes is more likely to be repeated, while behavior that causes negative outcomes is less likely to be repeated.

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What is the goal of psychological examination?

Psychological examinations aim to assess an individual's cognitive functioning, identify potential mental health concerns, and evaluate their personality structure. This helps tailor appropriate treatment plans and interventions.

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Study Notes

Theories of Personality and Personality Assessment

  • Personality refers to long-standing traits and patterns that lead individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.
  • The term "persona" originates from the Latin word, making individuals unique.
  • Personality is considered to be long-term, stable, and resistant to change.

Typologies

  • Typologies attempted to connect somatic and psychological characteristics, beginning with Hippocrates around 370 BCE.

  • Hippocrates proposed four bodily fluids (humors): choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile), sanguine (red blood), and phlegmatic (white phlegm).

  • Galen built upon Hippocrates' theory, relating both disease and personality differences to imbalances in the humors.

  • Sanguine personality type: highly talkative, enthusiastic, active, and social.

  • Choleric individuals: more extroverted, independent, and decisive.

  • Melancholic individuals: analytical, detail-oriented, deep thinkers, and feelers.

  • Phlegmatic individuals: relaxed, peaceful, quiet, and easy-going.

Other Typologies

  • Phrenology (1780): the distances between bumps on the skull were believed to reveal a person's personality traits, character, and mental abilities.

  • I.P. Pavlov: linked personality traits to the strength and weakness of nervous systems. Those with weak nervous systems were considered less adaptable.

  • W.H. Sheldon (1940s): associated body types with temperament types.

    • Endomorphs are physically round, relaxed, tolerant, and comfortable.
    • Ectomorphs have narrow shoulders, thin legs and arms, and little body fat. They tend to be self-conscious.
    • Mesomorphs have attractive and desirable bodies. They are adventurous and courageous.

Value Orientations

  • E. Spranger identified personality types based on value orientations.
    • Theoretical: interest in the discovery of truth.
    • Economic: interest in what is useful.
    • Aesthetic: value of form and harmony.
    • Social: love of people as a highest value.
    • Political: interest in power.
    • Religious: belief in unity and altruism.

Trait Theories

  • Trait theories aim to identify basic traits for describing personality.

  • Everyone possesses various traits, but the degree of a trait's application differs among individuals.

  • These traits can be quantified.

  • Gordon Allport's trait theory categorizes personality traits into: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits.

  • Raymond Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire reduced the number of key traits to 16.

  • Eysenck's theory of personality identifies two basic dimensions: introversion/extraversion and neuroticism/stability.

  • Costa and McCrae developed the Big Five Theory (OCEAN): openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Psychoanalytic Approach

  • Sigmund Freud was a central figure in psychoanalytic theory.
  • Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious processes.
  • Techniques like hypnosis and free association are used to explore the unconscious.
  • Freud's structural model of personality includes the id (primitive desires), the ego (mediates between the id and reality), and the superego (internalized societal values).
  • Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital) describe personality development through childhood. The Oedipal struggle is a significant conflict during the phallic stage.

Personality Assessment

  • The aims of psychological examination include establishing level of cognitive functioning, differential diagnosis, and evaluating personality structure.
  • Commonly used psychological tests include objective and projective tests.
  • Examples of these tests include the Rorschach Inkblot Test (assessing personality by having subjects describe what they see in inkblots), the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (having subjects tell a story based on pictures), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (objective test with yes/no answers).

Neuropsychological Testing

  • Neuropsychological testing assesses organic brain syndrome (e.g., early Alzheimer's disease) by comparing organic vs. psychological variables of trauma victims. It also uses cognitive tests to assess brain function.

Assessment of Intellectual Abilities

  • Intelligence is the capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and effectively deal with one's environment.
  • Alfred Binet developed early modern intelligence tests in 1881.
  • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by dividing a child's mental age by their chronological age and then multiplying by 100.
  • Several IQ scores relate to different levels of intelligence (from very gifted to cognitively impaired).

Intellectual Disability

  • Intellectual disability is characterized by significant cognitive deficits.
  • A standardized measure of intelligence (IQ score of 70 or below) is required to diagnose this, as well as significant deficits in functional and adaptive skills.
  • Diagnostic criteria for intellectual disabilities also include deficits in adaptive functioning and onset of these deficits during childhood.
  • Several classifications of severity exist for intellectual disability.
  • Etiology involves environmental and genetic factors.

Other Concepts

  • Adaptive skills are the ability to perform age-appropriate daily life activities.
  • Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences identified seven distinct kinds of intelligence.

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Description

Explore the fundamental theories behind personality and how various typologies connect psychological traits with physiological characteristics. Learn about the historical context, including Hippocrates' and Galen's contributions to personality assessment through humors. This quiz is perfect for psychology students wanting to deepen their understanding of personality theories.

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