Theories of Personality Assessment
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary interest of the Economic personality type according to Spranger?

  • Love of people
  • Power
  • What is useful (correct)
  • Discovery of truth

    • Which personality type values form and harmony the most?

  • Social
  • Political
  • Theoretical
  • Aesthetic (correct)

    • What did Gordon Allport categorize personality traits into?

  • Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Traits
  • Fundamental, Core, and Peripheral Traits
  • Cardinal, Central, and Secondary Traits (correct)
  • Major, Minor, and Behavioral Traits

    • Which of the following is one of Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factors?

    <p>Emotional Stability vs High-strung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits from Cattell's model reflects a tendency towards reassurance?

    <p>Apprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Theoretical personality type?

    <p>Discovering truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical method did Cattell use to identify his key personality traits?

    <p>Factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait from Cattell's model indicates a person's adaptability to change?

    <p>Openness to Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the Political personality type in Spranger's theory?

    <p>Focus on power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of trait refers to characteristics that dominate a person's behavior?

    <p>Cardinal Traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of personality?

    <p>Long-standing traits and patterns that influence behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a sanguine personality type?

    <p>Highly talkative and enthusiastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did F. Gall introduce to connect personality traits to physical characteristics?

    <p>Phrenology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to W.H. Sheldon, which body type is linked to being adventurous and courageous?

    <p>Mesomorph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following temperaments is associated with being analytical and deep-thinking?

    <p>Melancholic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did I.P. Pavlov associate with personality types?

    <p>Nervous system strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament is known for being relaxed and peaceful?

    <p>Phlegmatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believe about personality?

    <p>It is influenced by an imbalance of bodily humors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait is commonly associated with choleric individuals?

    <p>Highly decisive and independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body type according to Sheldon is described as self-conscious and thin?

    <p>Ectomorph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two dimensions of personality identified by H.J. Eysenck?

    <p>Introversion/Extroversion and Neuroticism/Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the psychoanalytic approach, what part of the mind is considered the most primitive?

    <p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological test is commonly known as the 'inkblot test'?

    <p>Rorschach Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of psychological examination?

    <p>To evaluate personality structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This trait is characterized by individuals who may be antisocial, hostile, and manipulate others. What is this trait called?

    <p>Psychoticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a technique used in psychoanalytic therapy?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In personality assessment, what are projective tests designed to do?

    <p>Uncover underlying thoughts and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that classical conditioning relies on?

    <p>Association between stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the superego represent in the structural model of personality?

    <p>Internalized moral values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements best describes extraversion?

    <p>Enjoy being the center of attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Thematic Apperception Test primarily assess?

    <p>Aggression and achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many items does the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) contain?

    <p>566 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intelligence test introduced the concept of IQ?

    <p>Binet-Simon scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by an IQ score below 70?

    <p>Intellectual disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the clock test in neuropsychological assessment?

    <p>To assess visual-spatial abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does adaptive functioning refer to in the context of intellectual disability?

    <p>Age-appropriate daily activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the seven distinct kinds of intelligence identified?

    <p>Emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing is primarily used for assessing organic brain syndrome?

    <p>Neuropsychologic testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following variables is NOT part of the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing intellectual disability?

    <p>History of trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating IQ?

    <p>IQ = (MA:CA) x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theories of Personality and Personality Assessment

    • Personality refers to long-standing traits and patterns that lead individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.
    • The term "persona" originates from the Latin word, making individuals unique.
    • Personality is considered to be long-term, stable, and resistant to change.

    Typologies

    • Typologies attempted to connect somatic and psychological characteristics, beginning with Hippocrates around 370 BCE.

    • Hippocrates proposed four bodily fluids (humors): choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile), sanguine (red blood), and phlegmatic (white phlegm).

    • Galen built upon Hippocrates' theory, relating both disease and personality differences to imbalances in the humors.

    • Sanguine personality type: highly talkative, enthusiastic, active, and social.

    • Choleric individuals: more extroverted, independent, and decisive.

    • Melancholic individuals: analytical, detail-oriented, deep thinkers, and feelers.

    • Phlegmatic individuals: relaxed, peaceful, quiet, and easy-going.

    Other Typologies

    • Phrenology (1780): the distances between bumps on the skull were believed to reveal a person's personality traits, character, and mental abilities.

    • I.P. Pavlov: linked personality traits to the strength and weakness of nervous systems. Those with weak nervous systems were considered less adaptable.

    • W.H. Sheldon (1940s): associated body types with temperament types.

      • Endomorphs are physically round, relaxed, tolerant, and comfortable.
      • Ectomorphs have narrow shoulders, thin legs and arms, and little body fat. They tend to be self-conscious.
      • Mesomorphs have attractive and desirable bodies. They are adventurous and courageous.

    Value Orientations

    • E. Spranger identified personality types based on value orientations.
      • Theoretical: interest in the discovery of truth.
      • Economic: interest in what is useful.
      • Aesthetic: value of form and harmony.
      • Social: love of people as a highest value.
      • Political: interest in power.
      • Religious: belief in unity and altruism.

    Trait Theories

    • Trait theories aim to identify basic traits for describing personality.

    • Everyone possesses various traits, but the degree of a trait's application differs among individuals.

    • These traits can be quantified.

    • Gordon Allport's trait theory categorizes personality traits into: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits.

    • Raymond Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire reduced the number of key traits to 16.

    • Eysenck's theory of personality identifies two basic dimensions: introversion/extraversion and neuroticism/stability.

    • Costa and McCrae developed the Big Five Theory (OCEAN): openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

    Psychoanalytic Approach

    • Sigmund Freud was a central figure in psychoanalytic theory.
    • Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious processes.
    • Techniques like hypnosis and free association are used to explore the unconscious.
    • Freud's structural model of personality includes the id (primitive desires), the ego (mediates between the id and reality), and the superego (internalized societal values).
    • Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital) describe personality development through childhood. The Oedipal struggle is a significant conflict during the phallic stage.

    Personality Assessment

    • The aims of psychological examination include establishing level of cognitive functioning, differential diagnosis, and evaluating personality structure.
    • Commonly used psychological tests include objective and projective tests.
    • Examples of these tests include the Rorschach Inkblot Test (assessing personality by having subjects describe what they see in inkblots), the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (having subjects tell a story based on pictures), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (objective test with yes/no answers).

    Neuropsychological Testing

    • Neuropsychological testing assesses organic brain syndrome (e.g., early Alzheimer's disease) by comparing organic vs. psychological variables of trauma victims. It also uses cognitive tests to assess brain function.

    Assessment of Intellectual Abilities

    • Intelligence is the capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and effectively deal with one's environment.
    • Alfred Binet developed early modern intelligence tests in 1881.
    • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is determined by dividing a child's mental age by their chronological age and then multiplying by 100.
    • Several IQ scores relate to different levels of intelligence (from very gifted to cognitively impaired).

    Intellectual Disability

    • Intellectual disability is characterized by significant cognitive deficits.
    • A standardized measure of intelligence (IQ score of 70 or below) is required to diagnose this, as well as significant deficits in functional and adaptive skills.
    • Diagnostic criteria for intellectual disabilities also include deficits in adaptive functioning and onset of these deficits during childhood.
    • Several classifications of severity exist for intellectual disability.
    • Etiology involves environmental and genetic factors.

    Other Concepts

    • Adaptive skills are the ability to perform age-appropriate daily life activities.
    • Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences identified seven distinct kinds of intelligence.

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    Theories of Personality PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental theories behind personality and how various typologies connect psychological traits with physiological characteristics. Learn about the historical context, including Hippocrates' and Galen's contributions to personality assessment through humors. This quiz is perfect for psychology students wanting to deepen their understanding of personality theories.

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