Theories of Perception: Direct vs Constructive Perception
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of ambiguity in visual perception?

  • Visual input on our retina is always ambiguous, and we have to settle on one interpretation. (correct)
  • Visual input on our retina is always unambiguous, providing a clear and distinct interpretation.
  • Visual input on our retina is partially ambiguous, requiring some interpretation from the brain.
  • Visual input on our retina is never ambiguous, as the brain can interpret it perfectly.

    • According to the Gestalt psychologists, what is the primary determinant of perceptual principles?

  • Perceptual principles are primarily determined by the complexity of the visual input.
  • Perceptual principles are intrinsic laws built into the perceptual system. (correct)
  • Experience with the world plays a minor role in shaping perceptual principles.
  • Perceptual principles are primarily shaped by cultural and societal norms.

    • Which of the following is an example of a physical regularity governing perception?

  • Perceived distance based on occlusion cues (correct)
  • Thematic relation between objects
  • Gestalt principles of perceptual organization
  • Co-occurrence of objects in the environment

    • What is the Ponzo illusion an example of?

    <p>The effect of perceived distance on perceived size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the perceived size of an object?

    <p>Bottom-up processing of the size of the image on the retina and top-down processing of perceived distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a semantic regularity governing perception, as described in the text?

    <p>Thematic relation and co-occurrence of objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the light-from-above heuristic?

    <p>The assumption that light comes from above, influencing the interpretation of shadows as cues for 3D shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to modern psychology, what is a central component of perception?

    <p>Experience with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a depth cue mentioned in the text?

    <p>Binocular disparity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the image shown after the question "What is this object?"?

    <p>To test the viewer's ability to recognize objects based on co-occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gestalt psychologists believed that perceptual principles are solely influenced by experience with the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to modern psychology, experience with the environment plays a minor role in perception.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linear perspective helps us understand that parallel lines converge in the distance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Objects that are far away appear sharp and clear due to the haze or aerial perspective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ponzo Illusion demonstrates that people perceive lines differently based on their length.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perceived size of an object is influenced by the size of the image on the retina, regardless of contextual factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The light-from-above heuristic leads us to interpret shadows as cues towards 2D shape rather than 3D shape.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semantic regularities do not influence object recognition and co-occurrence patterns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perceived distance has no impact on the perceived size of an object.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical regularities related to perception include factors like perceived distance and light-from-below heuristic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of Gestalt principles in perception and how they differ from the view of modern psychology.

    <p>Gestalt principles are considered intrinsic laws built into the system, while modern psychology emphasizes experience with the environment as a central component to perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how the Ponzo Illusion challenges our perception of size and depth.

    <p>The Ponzo Illusion demonstrates that people perceive lines of the same length differently based on contextual cues like converging lines in the distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the impact of perceived distance on the size of an object, considering both bottom-up and top-down processing.

    <p>The perceived size of an object is affected by the size of the image on the retina (bottom-up) and the perceived distance of the object (top-down).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of the light-from-above heuristic and how it influences our perception of shadows.

    <p>The light-from-above heuristic leads us to interpret shadows as cues towards 3D shape, assuming light comes from above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do semantic regularities such as object co-occurrence impact object recognition according to the text?

    <p>Semantic regularities like object co-occurrence play a role in object recognition by linking thematic relations and the co-occurrence of objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual input on our retina is always ______ we have to settle on one interpretation!

    <p>ambiguous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestalt psychologists believed that Gestalt principles are "______ laws" (built into the system)

    <p>intrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modern psychology: Experience with the environment as a ______ component to perception!

    <p>central</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ heuristic leads us to interpret shadows as cues towards 3D shape

    <p>light-from-above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perceived size of an object is the result of both ______ and top-down processing

    <p>bottom-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parallel lines converge in the ______ due to linear perspective

    <p>distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Objects that are far away appear "______" or "fuzzy" due to haze or aerial perspective

    <p>hazy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Illusion demonstrates that people perceive lines differently based on their length

    <p>Ponzo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semantic regularities like object co-occurrence impact ______ recognition

    <p>object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical regularities governing perception include factors like perceived ______ and light-from-above heuristic

    <p>distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Bottom-up processing = Analyzing information starting from basic elements and building up to a complete perception Top-down processing = Using pre-existing knowledge to interpret and make sense of incoming sensory information Gestalt principles = Rules that describe how elements in an image are organized into meaningful patterns Light-from-above heuristic = Assuming light comes from above, influencing how shadows are interpreted for object perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their explanations:

    <p>Perceived distance: Occlusion = Understanding depth perception based on objects blocking each other's view Perceived distance: Linear perspective = Realizing that parallel lines appear to converge in the distance, indicating depth Perceived distance: Haze or aerial perspective = Recognizing distant objects appearing fuzzy or hazy due to atmospheric conditions Effect of perceived distance on perceived size = How distance influences our perception of the size of objects, as demonstrated in the Ponzo Illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with the correct explanations:

    <p>Semantic regularities: Object co-occurrence = Noticing common pairings or groupings of objects that aid in object recognition Light-from-above heuristic = Assuming light direction for interpreting shadows and inferring 3D shapes from 2D cues Perceived size of an object = Resulting from both bottom-up processing (retinal image size) and top-down processing (perceived distance) Physical regularities: Perceived distance, light-from-above heuristic = Factors influencing how we perceive depth and object shapes in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phenomena with their effects:

    <p>Ponzo Illusion = Challenging perception by presenting two lines of equal length in different contexts that alter perceived size Light-from-above heuristic = Guiding us to interpret shadows as cues for understanding 3D shapes based on assumed light direction Gestalt principles = Organizing visual elements into coherent structures based on innate rules for perceptual grouping Physical regularities: Perceived distance, light-from-above heuristic = Influencing how we understand distances and shapes through environmental cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following principles with their implications:

    <p>Experience with the environment as a central component to perception = Modern psychology's view emphasizing the role of prior experiences in shaping perception Effect of perceptual principles vs. experience with the world = Debate between Gestalt psychologists and modern psychology on the impact of innate vs. learned factors on perception Semantic regularities: Thematic relation and co-occurrence of objects = Patterns in object relationships aiding recognition by linking objects based on common themes or occurrences Perceived size of an object: Bottom-up vs. top-down processing = Integration of retinal image size and perceived distance to determine an object's size</p> Signup and view all the answers

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