Theories of Motivation
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Questions and Answers

What were the prominent roles of motivation in American psychology during the 1930s-40s?

Drive-based learning theories.

What led to the decline of motivation in American psychology during the 1950s-60s?

Issues with drive-based conceptualizations and growing interest in information processing.

According to Tolman & Lewin, what are the emphasized factors in cognitive formulations of motivation?

Personal goals, expectations, and emotions.

What are the major constructs of motivation in organizational settings?

<p>Need-motive-value approaches, cognitive choice approaches, and self-regulation-metacognition approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three paradigms of motivational theories?

<p>Need-Motive-Value Theories, Cognitive Choice Theories, Self-Regulation-Metacognition Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common directional measures of motivation?

<p>Absenteeism, Job choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key factors in Need-Motive-Value Theories?

<p>Needs, Motives, Values</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between motivation and performance?

<p>Motivation is the driving force behind intentions and choices, while performance is the evaluation of behaviors influenced by abilities, task understanding, situational constraints, and task demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does perceived unfairness impact attitudes towards supervision?

<p>Procedural unfairness impacts attitudes towards supervision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential effects of participative decision making (PDM) on job satisfaction and task performance?

<p>PDM enhances job satisfaction, but effects on task performance are unclear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive explanations, how does PDM facilitate task performance?

<p>Cognitive explanations suggest that PDM facilitates task performance by promoting information exchange between supervisors and supervisees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of expectancy x value (E x V) theories in decision-making?

<p>E x V theories have limitations in dealing with situations where choices are significantly limited and in assuming that individuals behave hedonistically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of achievement orientation research?

<p>The main focus of achievement orientation research is to understand how achievement motives can affect long-term job behavior in certain jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of achievement orientation research?

<p>The implications of achievement orientation research are that an individual's orientation is partially under their control and can influence their strategies for task persistence. Additionally, the diversity and flexibility of goals that individuals hold for task engagement are important areas for future research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Adams' Equity Theory?

<p>Adams' Equity Theory states that individuals value fairness in employee-employer relationships. Perceived inequity can lead to tension and cognitive/behavioral responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key concepts in organizational justice?

<p>The key concepts in organizational justice are distributive fairness (fairness of outcome) and procedural fairness (fairness of the procedures used to determine the outcome).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three factors in Vroom's VIE theory?

<p>The three factors in Vroom's VIE theory are Valence, Instrumentality, and Expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities?

<p>The multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities means that the overall motivation is the product of the individual's expectancies and instrumentalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key personal differences in the classic cognitive-interactional approach?

<p>The key personal differences in the classic cognitive-interactional approach are the drive to succeed and the fear of failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main issues identified in the research on Vroom's VIE theory?

<p>The main issues identified in the research on Vroom's VIE theory are within-versus between-subject research designs, measurement of model components, information integration strategies, and individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between distal and proximal systems in relation to variables and their effects on motivation.

<p>Distal systems refer to factors that are further away or less immediate in relation to motivation, while proximal systems refer to factors that are closer or more immediate. In the context of motivation, variables can have different effects in distal and proximal systems, meaning that they may impact motivation differently depending on their level of proximity to the individual or the motivational process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-confidence affect motivation in distal and proximal theories?

<p>In distal theories, high self-confidence may enhance motivation, while in proximal theories, it may negatively impact motivation. This suggests that the relationship between self-confidence and motivation can vary depending on the theoretical framework being considered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do individual differences in needs, motives, and values play in motivation?

<p>Individual differences in needs, motives, and values can have motivational consequences. These differences can influence the level of motivation individuals experience and how they respond to different motivational factors and situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Alderfer's theory in relation to the progression of needs?

<p>Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that needs progress sequentially, meaning that individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before moving on to higher-level needs. On the other hand, Alderfer's theory proposes that needs operate simultaneously, meaning that individuals can be motivated by multiple needs at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of Vroom's expectancy theory?

<p>The three components of Vroom's expectancy theory are expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which format is considered the most reliable for measuring expectancy?

<p>The frequency format is considered the most reliable for measuring expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which format is considered the best for measuring instrumentality?

<p>The frequency and probability formats are considered the best for measuring instrumentality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which format is considered the most reliable for measuring valence?

<p>The attractiveness and behavioral anchor formats are considered the most reliable for measuring valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Raynor's theory of future orientation?

<p>Raynor's theory states that motivation is higher for the first task in a contingent path and lower for tasks that are not in a sequence (noncontingent paths). Achievement-oriented individuals prefer moderately difficult tasks in noncontingent settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Weiner's Attribution Theory?

<p>Weiner's Attribution Theory explains how our explanations of events affect our behavior and emotions. It categorizes explanations into four causal categories (effort, ability, task difficulty, luck) and two dimensions (control and stability).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three paradigms of motivational theories?

<p>Need-Motive-Value Theories, Cognitive Choice Theories, Self-Regulation-Metacognition Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between motivation and performance?

<p>Motivation refers to the driving force behind intentions, choices, and volitional activities, while performance refers to the evaluation of behaviors influenced by a person's abilities, task understanding, situational constraints, and task demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common directional measures of motivation?

<p>Absenteeism and job choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key factors in Need-Motive-Value Theories?

<p>Needs, motives, and values are the key factors in Need-Motive-Value Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cognitive formulations of motivation according to Tolman & Lewin?

<p>Tolman &amp; Lewin emphasized personal goals, expectations, and emotions in their cognitive formulations of motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major constructs of motivation in organizational settings?

<p>The major constructs of motivation in organizational settings include need-motive-value approaches, cognitive choice approaches, and self-regulation-metacognition approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the current focuses in the field of motivation?

<p>The current focuses in the field of motivation include integrating theoretical approaches from different subdisciplines, developing new concepts, acknowledging the significance of non-cognitive individual differences, and integrating motivation with cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the decline of motivation in American psychology during the 1950s-60s?

<p>The decline of motivation in American psychology during the 1950s-60s was due to issues with drive-based conceptualizations and the growing interest in information processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of Adams' Equity Theory?

<p>The implications of Adams' Equity Theory are that individuals value fairness in employee-employer relationships, and perceived inequity can lead to tension and cognitive/behavioral responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between distributive and procedural fairness?

<p>The distinction between distributive and procedural fairness is that distributive fairness focuses on the fairness of outcomes, while procedural fairness focuses on the fairness of the procedures used to determine those outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does procedural fairness impact employees' perceptions?

<p>Procedural fairness enhances employees' perceptions of fairness, regardless of the outcome. Factors such as evaluation frequency, opportunity to express opinions, consistency in evaluation standards, and opportunity to provide input influence employees' perceptions of procedural fairness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of perceptions of fairness on behavior?

<p>Perceptions of fairness can affect behavior, such as task performance. For example, input before performance evaluation can improve fairness perceptions, but it can also negatively impact task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Alderfer's theory in relation to the progression of needs?

<p>Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that needs progress sequentially, while Alderfer's theory proposes that needs operate simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of intrinsic motivation theories?

<p>Intrinsic motivation theories focus on the multidimensional nature of intrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggest about intrinsic motivation?

<p>Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggests that intrinsic motivation is influenced by how individuals interpret events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does intrinsic motivation play in skill acquisition, expert performance, and achievement contexts?

<p>Intrinsic motivation plays a role in skill acquisition, expert performance, and achievement contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential effects of participative decision making (PDM) on task performance?

<p>The effects of PDM on task performance are unclear and inconsistent across different areas of goal-setting and justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cognitive explanations for how PDM facilitates task performance?

<p>Cognitive explanations suggest that PDM facilitates task performance by promoting information exchange between supervisors and supervisees, which can enhance employees' capabilities for attaining objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the motivational explanations for how PDM enhances performance?

<p>Motivational explanations suggest that PDM enhances performance by increasing goal commitment, acceptance, and difficulty, as well as through the influence of others or persuasive communications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of expectancy x value (E x V) theories in decision-making?

<p>The limitations of E x V theories include difficulties in dealing with situations where choices are significantly limited, and the assumption that individuals behave hedonistically, striving to maximize positive affect and minimize negative affect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different formats that were tested for measuring expectancy in Vroom's expectancy theory?

<p>Frequency format and simpler 'maximal effort' measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the best formats for measuring instrumentality in Vroom's expectancy theory?

<p>Frequency and probability formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most reliable formats for measuring valence in Vroom's expectancy theory according to the authors?

<p>Attractiveness and behavioral anchor formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Raynor's theory of future orientation?

<p>In a sequence of tasks (contingent path), motivation for the first task is higher. Motivation is lower when tasks are not in a sequence (noncontingent paths). Success-oriented individuals prefer easier tasks in contingent paths. Achievement-oriented individuals prefer moderately difficult tasks in noncontingent settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four causal categories in Weiner's Attribution Theory?

<p>Effort, ability, task difficulty, luck</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two dimensions in Weiner's Attribution Theory?

<p>Control and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key factors in Vroom's VIE theory?

<p>The key factors in Vroom's VIE theory are valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities in Vroom's VIE theory?

<p>The multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities in Vroom's VIE theory means that the motivational force is the product of the three factors: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three factors that Vroom's VIE theory predicts choices based on?

<p>Vroom's VIE theory predicts choices between jobs, tasks, and effort levels based on the perceived benefits of the outcome (valence), the belief that performance will lead to reward (instrumentality), and the belief that effort will lead to performance (expectancy).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main issues identified in the research on Vroom's VIE theory?

<p>The main issues identified in the research on Vroom's VIE theory include within-versus between-subject research designs, measurement of model components, information integration strategies, and individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motivational Consequences: The ______ Variable

<p>Dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Directional measures - most often used: ______

<p>Absenteeism, Job choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intensity measures: task ______, ______

<p>effort, performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improvements in job performance are more likely due to changes in the ______ given to a task rather than a constant increase in ______

<p>time, mental effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perceived inequity can lead to tension and cognitive/behavioral ______

<p>responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaluation frequency & opportunity to express opinions impact employees' ______

<p>perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diversity and flexibility of goals that individuals hold for task engagement is an important area for future ______

<p>research</p> Signup and view all the answers

Procedural fairness in organizational settings enhances perceptions of ______

<p>fairness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motivation in American psychology declined during the 1950s-60s due to issues with ______

<p>drive-based conceptualizations &amp; growing interest in information processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recent decades have seen a focus on ______

<p>integrating theoretical approaches from different subdisciplines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The motivation field is ______

<p>maturing and integrating with cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The major constructs of motivation in organizational settings include ______

<p>need-motive-value approaches, cognitive choice approaches, and self-regulation-metacognition approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vroom's VIE Theory predicts choices between jobs, tasks, and effort levels based on perceived benefits. The three factors in this theory are: Valence - desirability of the outcome, Instrumentality - the belief that performance will lead to reward, and Expectancy - the belief that effort will lead to performance.

<p>Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Classic cognitive-interactional approach guides the selection of tasks and how long individuals stick with them. This approach is influenced by ______, success expectations, and the perceived value of success. The drive to succeed and fear of failure are key ______.

<p>personal differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______, conceptualized by Atkinson's Motivation Theory in 1957, is limited to contexts where self-evaluation results were most significant. Heckhausen and Vroom addressed this limitation in their models. Vroom's model focuses on the conceptualization of instrumentality independently of task success expectations.

<p>Cognitive-Episodic Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within-versus between-subject research designs, measurement of model components, information integration strategies, and individual differences are the ______ on Vroom's VIE theory.

<p>major issues identified in the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, the frequency format is considered the ______ reliable for measuring expectancy.

<p>most</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ format is considered the best for measuring instrumentality in Vroom's expectancy theory.

<p>frequency &amp; probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Raynor's theory of future orientation, success-oriented individuals prefer ______ tasks in contingent paths.

<p>easier</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Weiner's Attribution Theory, people explain their behavior using four causal categories: effort, ability, task difficulty, and ______.

<p>luck</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Atkinson and Birch's Theory, behavior at any particular moment reflects the ______ motivational tendency at that time.

<p>strongest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blankenship found that the success value is greater for ______ tasks than for difficult tasks.

<p>easy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perceptions of unfairness can impact motivation and behavior. Procedural unfairness impacts attitudes towards supervision. Distributive fairness has less influence on supervision attitudes. Participative decision making (PDM) enhances job satisfaction, but effects on task performance are ______

<p>unclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive explanations suggest PDM can enhance task performance. Difficult to disentangle cognitive and motivational effects of PDM on ______

<p>performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

PDM procedures that are perceived as fair can lead to higher levels of satisfaction even when the outcome is not ______

<p>favorable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Understanding how PDM procedures influence performance requires attention to ______ processes.

<p>dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Variables can have different effects in ______ and proximal systems

<p>distal</p> Signup and view all the answers

High self-confidence may enhance motivation in ______ theories but negatively impact motivation in proximal theories

<p>distal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Achievement Motive Theories view success motive as a ______ construct, but newer research investigates different types of goal-directed achievement motives

<p>single</p> Signup and view all the answers

Job Characteristics Theory focuses on identifying job characteristics and how they influence emotional reactions and task satisfaction and ______

<p>performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Relationship between Theories of Motivation

  • Variables can have different effects in distal and proximal systems
  • High self-confidence may enhance motivation in distal theories but negatively impact motivation in proximal theories
  • Motivational consequences of individual differences in needs, motives, and values
  • Traditional theories view success motive as a single construct
  • Newer research investigates different types of goal-directed achievement motives
  • Growth motives mediate task satisfaction and performance in Job Characteristics Theory
  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that needs progress sequentially, while Alderfer's theory proposes that needs operate simultaneously
  • Predictive power for work behavior and performance is limited in need fulfillment theories
  • Intrinsic motivation theories focus on the multidimensional nature of intrinsic motivation
  • Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggests that intrinsic motivation is influenced by how individuals interpret events
  • Job Characteristics Theory looks at how job characteristics impact critical psychological states
  • The relationship between CET and JCT is complementary rather than competing
  • Intrinsic motivation plays a role in skill acquisition, expert performance, and achievement contexts

Relationship between Theories of Motivation

  • Variables can have different effects in distal and proximal systems
  • High self-confidence may enhance motivation in distal theories but negatively impact motivation in proximal theories
  • Motivational consequences of individual differences in needs, motives, and values
  • Traditional theories view success motive as a single construct
  • Newer research investigates different types of goal-directed achievement motives
  • Growth motives mediate task satisfaction and performance in Job Characteristics Theory
  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that needs progress sequentially, while Alderfer's theory proposes that needs operate simultaneously
  • Predictive power for work behavior and performance is limited in need fulfillment theories
  • Intrinsic motivation theories focus on the multidimensional nature of intrinsic motivation
  • Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggests that intrinsic motivation is influenced by how individuals interpret events
  • Job Characteristics Theory looks at how job characteristics impact critical psychological states
  • The relationship between CET and JCT is complementary rather than competing
  • Intrinsic motivation plays a role in skill acquisition, expert performance, and achievement contexts

Relationship between Motivational Theories and their Applications

  • Variables can have different effects in distal and proximal systems
  • High self-confidence may enhance motivation in distal theories but negatively impact motivation in proximal theories
  • Achievement Motive Theories view success motive as a single construct, but newer research investigates different types of goal-directed achievement motives
  • Job Characteristics Theory focuses on identifying job characteristics and how they influence emotional reactions and task satisfaction and performance
  • Maslow and Alderfer's need fulfillment theories propose different hierarchies of needs, but their predictive power for work behavior and performance is limited
  • Intrinsic motivation theories highlight the multidimensional nature of intrinsic motivation and the influence of environmental events on perceived mastery, control, task interest, and behavior
  • Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggests that intrinsic motivation is influenced by how individuals interpret events, and the overjustification effect can decrease intrinsic motivation when external rewards are given for internally motivating tasks
  • Job Characteristics Theory looks at how aggregate job characteristics impact critical psychological states, and there is a positive correlation between job characteristics and job satisfaction
  • CET and JCT are complementary theories with implications for different types of tasks and job design
  • There are three emerging research areas in intrinsic motivation: educational environments that foster intrinsic task interest and learning, characteristics associated with long-term intrinsic task interest and persistence among expert performers, and differences in motivational processes between intrinsic and extrinsic orientations
  • Motivation plays a significant role in skill acquisition, with factors like mastery control, challenge, and curiosity contributing to effective learning
  • Csikszentmihayli's work on flow and intrinsic motivation suggests that cognitive training could improve low levels of intrinsic work motivation, and personal goals shape motivated behavior, with different goals influencing behavior's direction and persistence

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Description

Test your knowledge on the relationship between different theories of motivation. Explore concepts such as variables' effects, self-confidence, individual differences, success motives, goal-directed achievement motives, growth motives, needs progression, predictive power, intrinsic motivation, cognitive evaluation, job characteristics, and more. Challenge yourself with this quiz and enhance your understanding of the complex interplay between theories of motivation.

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