Theories of Motivation

Drive-based learning theories.

Issues with drive-based conceptualizations and growing interest in information processing.

Personal goals, expectations, and emotions.

<p>Need-motive-value approaches, cognitive choice approaches, and self-regulation-metacognition approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need-Motive-Value Theories, Cognitive Choice Theories, Self-Regulation-Metacognition Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absenteeism, Job choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needs, Motives, Values</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation is the driving force behind intentions and choices, while performance is the evaluation of behaviors influenced by abilities, task understanding, situational constraints, and task demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural unfairness impacts attitudes towards supervision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PDM enhances job satisfaction, but effects on task performance are unclear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive explanations suggest that PDM facilitates task performance by promoting information exchange between supervisors and supervisees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E x V theories have limitations in dealing with situations where choices are significantly limited and in assuming that individuals behave hedonistically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main focus of achievement orientation research is to understand how achievement motives can affect long-term job behavior in certain jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The implications of achievement orientation research are that an individual's orientation is partially under their control and can influence their strategies for task persistence. Additionally, the diversity and flexibility of goals that individuals hold for task engagement are important areas for future research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adams' Equity Theory states that individuals value fairness in employee-employer relationships. Perceived inequity can lead to tension and cognitive/behavioral responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key concepts in organizational justice are distributive fairness (fairness of outcome) and procedural fairness (fairness of the procedures used to determine the outcome).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three factors in Vroom's VIE theory are Valence, Instrumentality, and Expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities means that the overall motivation is the product of the individual's expectancies and instrumentalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key personal differences in the classic cognitive-interactional approach are the drive to succeed and the fear of failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main issues identified in the research on Vroom's VIE theory are within-versus between-subject research designs, measurement of model components, information integration strategies, and individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal systems refer to factors that are further away or less immediate in relation to motivation, while proximal systems refer to factors that are closer or more immediate. In the context of motivation, variables can have different effects in distal and proximal systems, meaning that they may impact motivation differently depending on their level of proximity to the individual or the motivational process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In distal theories, high self-confidence may enhance motivation, while in proximal theories, it may negatively impact motivation. This suggests that the relationship between self-confidence and motivation can vary depending on the theoretical framework being considered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual differences in needs, motives, and values can have motivational consequences. These differences can influence the level of motivation individuals experience and how they respond to different motivational factors and situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that needs progress sequentially, meaning that individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before moving on to higher-level needs. On the other hand, Alderfer's theory proposes that needs operate simultaneously, meaning that individuals can be motivated by multiple needs at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three components of Vroom's expectancy theory are expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency format is considered the most reliable for measuring expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency and probability formats are considered the best for measuring instrumentality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attractiveness and behavioral anchor formats are considered the most reliable for measuring valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raynor's theory states that motivation is higher for the first task in a contingent path and lower for tasks that are not in a sequence (noncontingent paths). Achievement-oriented individuals prefer moderately difficult tasks in noncontingent settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weiner's Attribution Theory explains how our explanations of events affect our behavior and emotions. It categorizes explanations into four causal categories (effort, ability, task difficulty, luck) and two dimensions (control and stability).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need-Motive-Value Theories, Cognitive Choice Theories, Self-Regulation-Metacognition Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation refers to the driving force behind intentions, choices, and volitional activities, while performance refers to the evaluation of behaviors influenced by a person's abilities, task understanding, situational constraints, and task demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absenteeism and job choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needs, motives, and values are the key factors in Need-Motive-Value Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolman &amp; Lewin emphasized personal goals, expectations, and emotions in their cognitive formulations of motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major constructs of motivation in organizational settings include need-motive-value approaches, cognitive choice approaches, and self-regulation-metacognition approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The current focuses in the field of motivation include integrating theoretical approaches from different subdisciplines, developing new concepts, acknowledging the significance of non-cognitive individual differences, and integrating motivation with cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The decline of motivation in American psychology during the 1950s-60s was due to issues with drive-based conceptualizations and the growing interest in information processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The implications of Adams' Equity Theory are that individuals value fairness in employee-employer relationships, and perceived inequity can lead to tension and cognitive/behavioral responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distinction between distributive and procedural fairness is that distributive fairness focuses on the fairness of outcomes, while procedural fairness focuses on the fairness of the procedures used to determine those outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural fairness enhances employees' perceptions of fairness, regardless of the outcome. Factors such as evaluation frequency, opportunity to express opinions, consistency in evaluation standards, and opportunity to provide input influence employees' perceptions of procedural fairness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptions of fairness can affect behavior, such as task performance. For example, input before performance evaluation can improve fairness perceptions, but it can also negatively impact task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that needs progress sequentially, while Alderfer's theory proposes that needs operate simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic motivation theories focus on the multidimensional nature of intrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggests that intrinsic motivation is influenced by how individuals interpret events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic motivation plays a role in skill acquisition, expert performance, and achievement contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of PDM on task performance are unclear and inconsistent across different areas of goal-setting and justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive explanations suggest that PDM facilitates task performance by promoting information exchange between supervisors and supervisees, which can enhance employees' capabilities for attaining objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivational explanations suggest that PDM enhances performance by increasing goal commitment, acceptance, and difficulty, as well as through the influence of others or persuasive communications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The limitations of E x V theories include difficulties in dealing with situations where choices are significantly limited, and the assumption that individuals behave hedonistically, striving to maximize positive affect and minimize negative affect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency format and simpler 'maximal effort' measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency and probability formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attractiveness and behavioral anchor formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a sequence of tasks (contingent path), motivation for the first task is higher. Motivation is lower when tasks are not in a sequence (noncontingent paths). Success-oriented individuals prefer easier tasks in contingent paths. Achievement-oriented individuals prefer moderately difficult tasks in noncontingent settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effort, ability, task difficulty, luck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key factors in Vroom's VIE theory are valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities in Vroom's VIE theory means that the motivational force is the product of the three factors: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vroom's VIE theory predicts choices between jobs, tasks, and effort levels based on the perceived benefits of the outcome (valence), the belief that performance will lead to reward (instrumentality), and the belief that effort will lead to performance (expectancy).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main issues identified in the research on Vroom's VIE theory include within-versus between-subject research designs, measurement of model components, information integration strategies, and individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absenteeism, Job choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>effort, performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>time, mental effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fairness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>drive-based conceptualizations &amp; growing interest in information processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>integrating theoretical approaches from different subdisciplines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>maturing and integrating with cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>need-motive-value approaches, cognitive choice approaches, and self-regulation-metacognition approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>personal differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive-Episodic Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>major issues identified in the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>most</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>frequency &amp; probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>easier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>luck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>strongest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>easy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>unclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>favorable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>distal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>distal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>single</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>performance</p> Signup and view all the answers