Questions and Answers
What does the Neoclassical Theory of Migration focus on?
What economic condition leads to migration according to New Economics Migration Theory?
Economic uncertainty in the origin country.
Segmented Labor Market Theory argues that migration stems primarily from individual decisions.
False
What phenomenon does World Systems Theory attribute to increased migration?
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What is a key factor in Cumulative Causation Theory?
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What does Nozick's political theory on migration emphasize?
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Rawls' political theory on migration includes the concept of a 'veil of ______'
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What does Utilitarian political theory aim to achieve?
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What is a significant argument against open borders according to opponents like Walzer?
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According to Zolberg, how do countries influence global migration regimes?
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What are two structural forces that promote emigration from developing societies?
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What do motivations, goals, and aspirations of actors who migrate often focus on?
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According to Massey, how do people gain social capital?
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Selectivity in migration means it becomes increasingly selective over time.
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Zolberg's view on migration suggests that which factors contribute to perceived control over immigration?
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Study Notes
NeoClassical Theory of Migration
- Focuses on wage differentials between rich and poor countries as a driver for migration.
- Predicts rational, cost-benefit calculations of wages leading individuals from labor-rich to capital-rich nations.
- Struggles to explain migration routes, especially those not primarily from the poorest countries.
- Stephen Castles highlights the disconnect between neoclassical beliefs and actual migration behavior.
- Economic policies create barriers that restrict migration by increasing costs and decreasing benefits.
- Despite economic development, emigration may still rise due to household pressures and uncertainties.
New Economics Migration Theory
- Migration is driven by economic uncertainties in families facing income limitations in their home country.
Segmented Labor Market Theory
- Highlights intrinsic labor demands of modern industrial societies that necessitate migration.
- Emphasizes the demand for cheap and flexible labor in developed nations, particularly in the U.S.
World Systems Theory
- Examines how capitalist economic relations penetrate non-capitalist countries, prompting migration for profit motives.
Cumulative Causation Theory (Massey)
- Social capital from existing immigrant networks aids future migrants in navigating the job market and cultural adaptation.
- Migration becomes essential for survival due to adverse changes in home countries.
- Creates dynamics where initial migration lowers barriers for subsequent migrants.
Pros of Cumulative Causation Theory
- Sending countries can experience economic growth through remittances from immigrants.
- Developments in sending countries can surpass those in receiving ones, shifting them from labor exporters to importers.
Nozick's Political Theory on Migration
- Advocates for libertarian principles emphasizing individual property rights.
Rawls' Political Theory on Migration
- Proposes a liberal view using the "veil of ignorance," ensuring equal liberty while allowing inequality under fair conditions benefiting the least advantaged.
Utilitarian Political Theory on Migration
- Focuses on maximizing benefits for the greatest number of people.
Opposing Views on Migration (Walzer + Carens)
- Walzer advocates for community values, allowing for exclusion.
- Carens questions the privilege of national boundaries, suggesting states may have legitimate reasons to control migration for cultural preservation and population management.
Zolberg's Perspective on Migration
- Argues migration policies are interconnected globally and emphasize how actions in one country can impact global migration flows.
Integrated Theory of International Migration (Massey 1999)
- Core structural forces in both developing and developed societies foster emigration and immigration.
- As regions develop, international wage disparities diminish, incentivizing integration into the global economy and altering migration trends.
Forces in Developing Societies that Promote Emigration
- Capitalist market penetration creates job displacement through unemployment and changing agricultural dynamics.
- Increases in rural-to-urban migration driven by wage differentials.
Structural Forces in Developed Societies that Attract Immigrants
- Post-industrial job structures create segmented labor markets with low stability jobs attracting immigrants.
- Recruitment by employers highlights demand for flexible labor solutions.
Motivations, Goals, and Aspirations of Migrants
- Households utilize migration to manage economic risks and seek opportunities for investment or retirement.
Selectivity in Migration
- Initial migrants tend to be highly selective; over time, as costs decrease, migration becomes broader, leading to network saturation.
Zolberg's Control vs. Will Theory on Migration
- Perceived failures to control immigration may reflect broader state ambivalence toward immigration control.
Economic Arguments about Open Borders
- Significant earnings disparities exist among low-skill workers globally.
- Potential economic growth from easing migration barriers can be substantial, but research on border costs is limited.
Political Arguments about Open Borders
- Carens argues citizenship restricts life chances, akin to feudal privileges.
- Different political theories (Nozick, Rawls, Utilitarian) present various justifications for open or restricted borders.
- Contrasting views between cosmopolitan optimists advocating for global community values versus communitarian nationalists favoring cultural preservation.
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Description
Explore key concepts of the Neoclassical Theory of Migration with these flashcards. This theory examines how wage differentials between countries influence immigration. Understand the rational calculations that drive individuals from poorer to richer nations.
