Theories of Intelligence: Information Processing Models
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Questions and Answers

What did Charles Spearman conclude from his data analysis?

  • That there are multiple central factors influencing cognitive abilities
  • That there must be one central factor influencing cognitive abilities (correct)
  • That intelligence is solely based on sensory abilities
  • That cognitive abilities are solely influenced by environment

    • What is the term coined by Charles Spearman to describe general intelligence?

  • g (correct)
  • Gf
  • s
  • Gc

    • What did Raymond Cattell believe was the problem with current intelligence tests?

  • That they were too easy
  • That they were too focused on verbal and school-based abilities (correct)
  • That they were too difficult
  • That they were too broad

    • What is fluid intelligence, according to Raymond Cattell?

    <p>The ability to reason and solve novel problems independent of prior experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crystallized intelligence, according to Raymond Cattell?

    <p>What we have learned from life and our experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of fluid intelligence, according to Raymond Cattell?

    <p>To reason and solve novel problems independent of prior experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for all logical problem solving, according to the text?

    <p>Fluid intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of problem solving requires fluid intelligence, according to the text?

    <p>Scientific, mathematical, and technical problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the example of someone with logical-mathematical intelligence?

    <p>Engineer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for intellectual functioning prior to an accident or neurological decline?

    <p>Premorbid IQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)?

    <p>16-90 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of human intelligence according to Sternberg?

    <p>Mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one's life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intelligence is associated with being 'people smart'?

    <p>Interpersonal Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the componential subtheory associated with?

    <p>Analytical giftedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating Ratio IQ?

    <p>MA / CA X 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a novel situation according to Sternberg?

    <p>A task that you have never experienced before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the intelligence scale designed for children aged 6-16?

    <p>WISC-IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of giftedness does Sternberg recognize?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for intelligence associated with being 'self smart'?

    <p>Intrapersonal Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the experiential subtheory related to?

    <p>The influence of task novelty on problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)?

    <p>2-7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of individuals with analytical giftedness?

    <p>They are not adept at creating unique ideas of their own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the componential subtheory?

    <p>Analytical skills and executive functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages are there in Sternberg's theory?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean of the Deviation IQ developed by Wechsler?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard deviation of the Deviation IQ?

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Wechsler intelligence scales?

    <p>Academically related intelligences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of IQ is related to genetics, according to the findings?

    <p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the phenomenon where IQ appears to be increasing over time?

    <p>Flynn Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do IQ scores typically plateau?

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model used by Wechsler scales?

    <p>Hierarchical model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the four Index or Composite Scores used in current versions of Wechsler scales?

    <p>Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

    <p>Intelligence is differentiated into specific modalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many criteria did Gardner articulate for a behavior to be considered an intelligence?

    <p>Eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

    <p>To empower learners to explore multiple forms of intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an intelligence, according to Gardner?

    <p>A biopsychological potential to process information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many forms of intelligence are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the multiple forms of intelligence mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are ignored in other theories of intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of Gardner's theory for learners?

    <p>They should be empowered to explore multiple forms of intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cultural setting in which an intelligence is activated, according to Gardner?

    <p>A cultural setting to solve problems or create products of value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theories of Intelligence

    • Linguistic Intelligence: word smart, example: journalist
    • Logical-mathematical Intelligence: number/reasoning smart, example: engineer
    • Spatial Intelligence: picture smart, example: architect
    • Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: body smart, example: physical therapist
    • Musical Intelligence: music smart, example: musician
    • Interpersonal Intelligence: people smart, example: salesman
    • Intrapersonal Intelligence: self smart, example: actor

    Assessing Intelligence: Important Concepts

    • Intelligence is often assessed in larger psychological assessments, such as memory problems, neuropsychological assessments, head injuries, and learning disability evaluations
    • Premorbid IQ: intellectual functioning prior to an accident or neurological decline

    The Wechsler Intelligence Scales

    • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV): Designed for ages 16-90
    • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV): Designed for ages 6-16
    • Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV): Ages 2 yrs 6mo. to 7 yrs 3 mo.
    • Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II): Shortened version designed for ages 6-89

    Early IQ Tests

    • Measured 'mental age' (MA) relative to the child's chronological age (CA)
    • Ratio IQ: MA / CA X 100
    • No longer used, as it assumes a linear development of learning

    Theories of Intelligence: Factor Models

    • Charles Spearman: General factor g with specific factors s
    • Spearman concluded that there must be one central factor that influences our cognitive abilities, termed general intelligence g
    • Idea still retained in most theories of intelligence

    Theories of Intelligence: Hierarchical Models

    • Raymond Cattell: Believed current tests were too focused on verbal and school-based abilities
    • Fluid intelligence: ability to solve problems without drawing on prior experiences (innate intellectual ability)
    • Crystallized Intelligence: what we have learned from life and our experiences (including formal education)

    Theories of Intelligence: Information Processing Models

    • Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: Based on how humans process information (three components)
    • Componential: analytical subtheory, executive functioning, performance speed, knowledge acquisition
    • Experiential: creative subtheory, the influence of task novelty on problem solving
    • Practical: contextual subtheory, dealing with real-world environments

    Theories of Intelligence: Information Processing Models

    • Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: Multiple forms of intelligence ignored in other theories
    • Linguistic, Musical, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist, Spiritual, Existential, Moral
    • Each individual possesses a unique blend of all the intelligences

    Theories of Intelligence: Information Processing Models

    • According to Gardner, an intelligence is "a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture"

    The Wechsler Intelligence Scales

    • Wechsler developed the Deviation IQ as a solution to problems of Ratio IQ
    • Mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 – based on the age of the test taker relative to other test-takers at that age
    • Wechsler scales use a hierarchical model (with a general IQ and sub-scale specific abilities)

    IQ and Its Correlates

    • Important caveats: correlation does not mean causation, intelligence is not due to heredity or the environment but the interplay of the two, IQ is not the same as intelligence
    • Some findings: about 50-60% of IQ is related to genetics, Flynn Effect: IQ appears to be increasing over time, IQ scores plateau at 30, some IQ declines for some at age 70, environment accounts for most of the differences in IQ in low SES children

    The Wechsler Intelligence Scales

    • Test norms may not be appropriate for all individuals – e.g., ethnicity, SES, outside the US
    • Test biases may be a part of the test – especially questions specifically drawing on US related content
    • Test only focuses on academically related intelligences

    The Wechsler Intelligence Scales

    • Previous versions of Wechsler scales used a Verbal IQ, Performance (non-verbal) IQ, and a Full Scale IQ
    • Current versions use 4 Index or Composite Scores: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, Processing Speed
    • Good reliability scores on Wechsler tests

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    Description

    This quiz covers various intelligence types, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence. Examples of each type are provided.

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