Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which theory best explains a child's refusal to try new foods but later eating them after seeing an older sibling enjoy them?
Which theory best explains a child's refusal to try new foods but later eating them after seeing an older sibling enjoy them?
Which of the following concepts is NOT a focus in Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?
Which of the following concepts is NOT a focus in Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?
A parent uses guidance when a toddler struggles while exploring. This is an example of:
A parent uses guidance when a toddler struggles while exploring. This is an example of:
Which term describes a child understanding that water quantity remains constant despite pouring it into different containers?
Which term describes a child understanding that water quantity remains constant despite pouring it into different containers?
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What is the primary psychosocial conflict during adolescence according to Erikson's theory?
What is the primary psychosocial conflict during adolescence according to Erikson's theory?
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Which of the following is NOT an element of Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory?
Which of the following is NOT an element of Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory?
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A boy thinks his stuffed animals have feelings. This demonstrates:
A boy thinks his stuffed animals have feelings. This demonstrates:
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What research design is ideal for studying changes in IQ over a person's lifetime?
What research design is ideal for studying changes in IQ over a person's lifetime?
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Aggressive children being more likely to choose violent games demonstrates which of the following?
Aggressive children being more likely to choose violent games demonstrates which of the following?
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Which of the following is NOT an ethical guideline for conducting developmental research?
Which of the following is NOT an ethical guideline for conducting developmental research?
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In an experiment with toddlers placed in either a music-exposure or silence condition, music is considered the:
In an experiment with toddlers placed in either a music-exposure or silence condition, music is considered the:
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The marshmallow test, used to study delayed gratification, is an example of what type of research method?
The marshmallow test, used to study delayed gratification, is an example of what type of research method?
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During the embryonic period, the three layers of cells form. Which layer develops into bones, muscles, and blood?
During the embryonic period, the three layers of cells form. Which layer develops into bones, muscles, and blood?
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A couple learns that their child has inherited a recessive genetic disorder. What genetic pairing explains this outcome?
A couple learns that their child has inherited a recessive genetic disorder. What genetic pairing explains this outcome?
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A teratogen is most likely to cause severe birth defects during which period?
A teratogen is most likely to cause severe birth defects during which period?
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At what approximate time does a fetus reach the 'age of viability'?
At what approximate time does a fetus reach the 'age of viability'?
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Which is NOT a characteristic of prenatal development?
Which is NOT a characteristic of prenatal development?
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How is a baby born at 5 pounds classified?
How is a baby born at 5 pounds classified?
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The primary function of the amniotic sac is to:
The primary function of the amniotic sac is to:
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
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During which stage of birth does the cervix dilate to 10 centimeters?
During which stage of birth does the cervix dilate to 10 centimeters?
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Which statement about prenatal brain development is correct?
Which statement about prenatal brain development is correct?
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Study Notes
Theories of Development
- Observational learning: A child refusing new foods but then eating them after seeing a sibling enjoy them exemplifies social cognitive theory. Observing others' actions often influences a child's behavior.
- Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: Independent exploration isn't emphasized. Vygotsky's theory focuses on the zone of proximal development, adult scaffolding, and cultural context as crucial for learning.
- Scaffolding: A parent guiding a toddler during playground exploration is an example of scaffolding. This involves support adjusted to the child's needs.
- Conservation: Understanding that the amount of water stays the same despite being poured into different containers demonstrates mastery of conservation.
- Adolescence and Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion is the primary psychosocial conflict during adolescence, according to Erikson.
- Piaget's Theory: Piaget's theory emphasizes schemas, universal stages, and adaptation via assimilation and accommodation. Gradual, continuous development is NOT a core aspect per Piaget's theory.
- Animism: A child believing stuffed animals have feelings demonstrates animism – attributing human characteristics to inanimate objects.
- Observational Learning: Copying another child's behavior is an example of observational learning.
- Bronfenbrenner's ecological system: The Endosystem is not included in Bronfenbrenner's model of ecological systems theory. Key systems include the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
- Reflexes: A baby grasping a finger is an example of a grasping reflex.
Research Methods
- Longitudinal Studies: Longitudinal studies best suit examining lifelong IQ changes.
- Reverse Causality: The violent video game example highlights how aggressive kids are more drawn to violent games, not the games causing aggression. This highlights reverse causality (behavior influencing choice) instead of direct causation.
- Ethical Research: Manipulating participant stress without debriefing is unethical in developmental research.
- Independent Variable: In the music/silence experiment, music exposure is the independent variable, influencing the dependent variable (toddler outcomes).
- Structured Observation: The marshmallow example illustrates a structured observation method, where lab-created scenarios elicit responses for study.
Biological and Prenatal Development
- Embryonic Development: The mesoderm layer produces bones, muscles, and blood during embryonic cell development.
- Recessive Disorders: Both parents contributing recessive alleles lead to a child inheriting genetic disorders.
- Teratogens: Severe birth defects are most likely to occur during the embryonic period, when the embryo's development is at its peak.
- Age of Viability: The ability of a fetus to survive outside the womb occurs around 20-24 weeks. (not 18 weeks)
- Prenatal development: Prenatal development is characterized by a proximodistal pattern (inner to outer), cephalocaudal pattern (head-to-toe), and rapid cell differentiation at fixed rates. Environmental factors play a role, but the pace of development isn't primarily determined by the environment alone.
- Birth weight: A baby weighing 5 pounds is classified as low birth weight. (not extremely low or very low)
- Amniotic Sac: The amniotic sac's primary function is protecting and cushioning the developing fetus.
- SIDS Risk Factors: Breastfeeding is NOT a risk factor for SIDS. Key risk factors include sleeping on the stomach, exposure to secondhand smoke, and co-sleeping in some circumstances.
- Stages of Birth: The cervix dilates to 10 centimeters during the first stage of labor.
- Prenatal Brain Development: Neuronal migration occurs during prenatal development (6-24 weeks), not in adulthood.
Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Development
- Accommodation: Adjusting understanding of "dog" to include cats is an example of accommodation.
- Egocentrism: A child believing the sun follows them exemplifies egocentrism, a preoperational characteristic.
- Piagetian Stages: Sociocultural is NOT a Piagetian stage. Key stages include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
- Preoperational Stage: Children in the preoperational stage frequently depend on symbolic thinking rather than logical problem-solving.
- Synaptic Pruning: The strengthening and elimination of neural connections is called synaptic pruning.
- Zone of Proximal Development: Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development highlights the skills a child can accomplish with assistance.
- Temperament: Temperament is influenced by environmental factors and is biologically-based. Importantly, temperament is not unchangeable across a lifetime.
- Erikson's Stages: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is characteristic of toddlerhood.
- Observational Learning: Imitating older siblings in helping around the house epitomizes observational learning.
- Components of Temperament: Attachment style is NOT a component of temperament, rather a relationship outcome from temperament. Key components include activity level, rhythmicity, and emotional reactivity.
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Description
This quiz explores various theories of development, including observational learning, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, and Piaget's stages of cognitive development. It also examines crucial concepts such as scaffolding, conservation, and Erikson's psychosocial conflicts during adolescence. Test your understanding of these important topics in developmental psychology!
