30 Questions
Which type of punishment involves adding an unpleasant event to decrease behavior?
Positive punishment
What is an example of a secondary or conditioned punisher?
Putting money in a jar for swearing
Which type of punishment involves the removal of a repetitive event/stimulus to decrease behavior?
Negative punishment
What is an example of a primary punisher?
Hunger pains
Which type of punishment involves a cost to the response?
Response cost
What is the main limitation of overusing time out as a form of punishment?
It interferes with the development of appropriate behaviors
According to the text, what is the difference between extinction and negative punishment?
Extinction weakens behavior because performing it no longer leads to something, while negative punishment weakens behavior because performing it leads to the removal of something already possessed
What is the main difference between active and passive avoidance?
Active avoidance involves making a response to avoid an event, while passive avoidance involves learning not to make a response to avoid an event.
What is the key characteristic of learned helplessness?
It occurs when people feel like there is nothing they can do to minimize the effects of uncontrollable bad events.
What is the role of the warning signal in avoidance learning?
The warning signal becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned fear response.
What is the main difference between escape and avoidance in animal learning?
Escape involves moving quickly to avoid the shock altogether, while avoidance involves making a response to avoid the event.
What is the main factor that drives avoidance behavior according to the Two Factor Theory?
Fear
What is the key difference between active avoidance in OCD and passive avoidance in phobias?
Active avoidance in OCD involves compulsive actions, while passive avoidance in phobias involves avoiding the object of fear.
What is the role of reinforcement in avoidance learning?
It is unclear what the reinforcer is once someone successfully learns to avoid the aversive stimulus.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic punishment?
Intrinsic punishment is inherently punishing behavior, while extrinsic punishment is the event following the behavior.
What is one of the problems associated with punishment?
It only suppresses unwanted behavior in the presence of the punisher.
How does Skinner's perspective on punishment relate to behavior weakening?
Punishment involves avoidance learning and conditioned suppression, but doesn't directly weaken behavior.
What is an example of a secondary or conditioned punisher in humans?
An icy stare
What is one of the requirements for effective punishment according to the text?
It should be immediate, intense, and consistently follow unwanted behavior.
What is the difference between escape behavior and avoidance behavior?
Escape behavior involves getting away from an aversive stimulus, while avoidance behavior occurs before the aversive stimulus to prevent its delivery.
How is the climate change crisis addressed according to the text?
Through positive incentives and sanctions essential for cooperation.
According to the text, which theory suggests that avoidance is negatively reinforced by the lower rate of adversity stimulation and does not require a conditioned stimulus for avoidance learning to occur?
One-factor theory
Which theory of avoidance learning emphasizes that avoidance responding is based on the subject’s expectation that a response will avoid the aversive stimulus, and fear has little role in this theory?
Cognitive theory of avoidance learning
According to the text, which theory involves classical conditioning creating a conditioned fear elicited by a warning signal, and the avoidance response being maintained by operant conditioning through negative reinforcement?
Two-factor theory
Which theory has difficulty explaining evidence that fear influences avoidance, as fear amplifies avoidance learning, according to the text?
Cognitive theory of avoidance learning
According to the text, why is extinction difficult in avoidance behavior?
Because avoidance behavior depends on two expectations: shock will occur in the absence of response, but not if a response is made
Which theory suggests that avoidance is driven by an escape from fear, not the prevention of the aversive stimulus, and involves classical and operant conditioning?
Two-factor theory
According to the text, what makes teaching rats to press a bar to avoid shock surprisingly difficult?
Avoiding shock is a powerful reinforcer
According to the text, what affects animals' ability to learn avoidance behaviors?
Their innate responses
Which theory suggests that avoidance is driven by the rate of aversive stimulation and does not require a conditioned stimulus for avoidance learning to occur, according to the text?
One-factor theory
Study Notes
Theories of Avoidance Learning
- Two-factor theory involves classical and operant conditioning and the avoidance response is learned through the reduction of fear associated with the conditioned stimulus.
- One-factor theory suggests that avoidance is negatively reinforced by the lower rate of adversity stimulation associated with it and does not require a conditioned stimulus for avoidance learning to occur.
- Cognitive theory of avoidance learning suggests that avoidance responding is based on the subject’s expectation that a response will avoid the aversive stimulus, and fear has little role in this theory.
- Two independent processes are involved in the two-factor model of avoidance learning: classical conditioning creates a conditioned fear elicited by a warning signal, and the avoidance response is maintained by operant conditioning through negative reinforcement.
- Cognitive theories of avoidance learning emphasize that avoidance responding is based on subjects’ expectations, and these theories account for more complex results and are more sophisticated than traditional theories.
- Extinction is difficult in avoidance behavior as it depends on two expectations: shock will occur in the absence of response, but not if a response is made.
- Cognitive explanation of avoidance learning suggests that the expectation of shock strengthens with each trial and animals continue to respond during extinction due to a lack of chance to learn what happens if they don’t respond.
- Cognitive theory, however, has difficulty explaining evidence that fear influences avoidance, as fear amplifies avoidance learning.
- Teaching rats to press a bar to avoid shock is surprisingly difficult, as rats are good at pressing bars to obtain food, but avoiding shock is a powerful reinforcer.
- Some animals have innate responses that affect their ability to learn avoidance behaviors, as each species has innate responses that are congruent or incongruent with the behavior being trained.
- The two-factor theory suggests that avoidance is driven by an escape from fear, not the prevention of the aversive stimulus, and involves classical and operant conditioning.
- The one-factor theory suggests that avoidance is driven by the rate of aversive stimulation and does not require a conditioned stimulus for avoidance learning to occur.
Test your knowledge of theories of avoidance learning with this quiz. Explore the two-factor theory, one-factor theory, and cognitive theories of avoidance learning, as well as the challenges and complexities associated with extinction and innate responses in animals.
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