Theories in Political Science

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What is one reason rules exist according to the text?

To order society and provide security (correct)

To restrict personal freedom

To complicate daily activities

To encourage political protests

Which statement best describes the relationship between rules and government in the context of the text?

Rules originate from government and are necessary for societal organization (correct)

Government creates rules to control individual activities

Government enforces rules only for political protests

Rules are mandated by government to limit personal freedom

Behavioralists believe that personal values of individual researchers should play a significant role in analyzing politics.

False

Post-behavioralists advocate for focusing on the values of studying politics.

True Signup and view all the answers

Theories deliberately include all details to provide a comprehensive understanding of complex events.

False Signup and view all the answers

Politics involves making decisions about selecting one set of values over another.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the three related purposes of theories in the study of politics?

<ol> <li>Explain common causes shared by related events</li> <li>Apply these explanations to future events and try to predict outcomes</li> <li>Help policy makers and citizens choose effective policies for achieving goals</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How do theories in politics deal with the complexity of events?

Theories deliberately abstract from reality, focusing on important parts of complex events while leaving out details. Signup and view all the answers

How should we evaluate a theory when an event seems to contradict it?

We should evaluate the theory based on whether it provides more understanding overall compared to competing theories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of values in the study of politics according to the post-behavioralists?

Values cannot and should not be removed from the study of politics. Signup and view all the answers

How do behavioralists differ from post-behavioralists in their approach to studying politics?

Behavioralists argue for objectivity by removing personal values, while post-behavioralists emphasize the role of values in analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What does positivism assert should be the focus of science?

Studying observable facts Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of empirical and semantic analyses contribute to the decline of normative analysis?

By focusing on observable behavior and data analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation imposed by positivism on scientific inquiry?

The restriction to observable data Signup and view all the answers

In what way does semantic analysis differ from normative analysis based on the text?

It examines the meaning of political language and concepts Signup and view all the answers

How did the 'behavioral revolution' impact the study of politics during the 20th century?

It shifted focus to observable behavior and data analysis Signup and view all the answers

According to the feminist perspective, what is the underlying reason for considering the personal realm as political?

The continued dominance of men in personal relationships and families Signup and view all the answers

What is the main emphasis of the Marxist perspective in understanding political power?

The importance of economic structures in shaping political dynamics Signup and view all the answers

According to the indigenous perspective, which of the following entities are considered to have their own laws and rights?

Waters, plants, and animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary argument of proponents of animal rights in the context of politics?

Animals should be considered as beings whose interests should be considered in the political process Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective aligns with the view that existence is interconnected and interrelated, extending political boundaries to encompass the entire natural world?

The deep ecology perspective Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, ethical considerations are explored by questioning duties towards which entities?

Plants, animals, lands, and waters Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, who is involved in making decisions in a democratic form of government?

Entire population Signup and view all the answers

In the discussion on justice and liberty, why is consideration of the natural world significant?

It raises questions about ethical dimensions Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following best describes the core principle of logical positivism?

It considers only empirically verifiable statements and observations as meaningful. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of behaviorism, as mentioned in the passage?

To achieve objective measurement of the social world by eliminating values from social inquiry. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best represents the contemporary approach to political philosophy, according to the passage?

It is characterized by caution, tentativeness, and a deviation from grand narratives of the past. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between behaviorism and contemporary political philosophy, as depicted in the passage?

Contemporary political philosophy represents a departure from the strict empiricism advocated by behaviorism. Signup and view all the answers

Sovereignty refers to the authority of a state to make life and death decisions.

True Signup and view all the answers

In Hegel's view, civil society includes governmental institutions such as the military and police.

False Signup and view all the answers

State legitimacy can only be challenged internally, not externally.

False Signup and view all the answers

Civil society consists of NGOs but excludes religious institutions.

False Signup and view all the answers

The state is a larger entity than the government.

True Signup and view all the answers

Sovereign capabilities are best reflected in the state's ability to provide healthcare to its citizens.

False Signup and view all the answers

Civil society includes governmental organizations like the Council of Canadians.

True Signup and view all the answers

The state's authority is based on coercion rather than legitimacy.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hegel considered the family to be part of civil society.

False Signup and view all the answers

State sovereignty allows a state to demand citizens' participation in wars with other sovereign states.

True Signup and view all the answers

Explain a weakness of the inductive method highlighted in the passage.

Inductive method excels at gathering empirical data but tends to be weaker in theory generation. Signup and view all the answers

Why might inductive reasoning fall short in providing explanations for identified patterns in empirical data?

It may not inherently explain why the patterns or correlations exist. Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning based on their approach to forming conclusions.

Inductive reasoning starts with specific examples and moves towards a generalization, while deductive reasoning starts with general principles and moves towards specific conclusions. Signup and view all the answers

Why does identifying a correlation between social class and voting behavior not inherently explain voting behavior?

It gives multiple possible explanations but lacks a precise explanation for voting behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary suggestion for theorists according to the critique aligned with the positivist tradition?

Theorists should focus on falsifying existing hypotheses rather than primarily generating new ones. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the movement of power away from the state towards international organizations, the market, and sub-national levels of government?

Hollowing out Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Keynes' main suggestions regarding the economy?

To increase state intervention to balance out boom-and-bust cycles Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, what does the term 'neoliberal' refer to?

The transformation of the liberal democratic state towards less state control Signup and view all the answers

Which direction does power move 'outwards' towards, according to the text?

Towards sub-national levels of government Signup and view all the answers

What does Jessop (1990) suggest has happened to the control of the economy in relation to the state?

Power has shifted away from the state towards other entities Signup and view all the answers

Keynes suggested that the state should not intervene in the economy to balance out boom-and-bust cycles.

False Signup and view all the answers

The movement of control away from the state has led to the term 'filling in' instead of 'hollowing out.'

False Signup and view all the answers

Power has predominantly moved downwards to sub-national levels of government according to Jessop (1990).

False Signup and view all the answers

Globalization has had limited implications on the role of the state, according to the passage.

False Signup and view all the answers

Different theories of the state have little to offer in understanding the modern world.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the movement of power away from the state towards international organizations, the market, and sub-national levels of government?

'Hollowing out' Signup and view all the answers

According to Keynes, what was the main suggestion regarding the state's intervention in the economy?

The state needed to intervene in the economy to balance out boom-and-bust cycles. Signup and view all the answers

What does Jessop (1990) suggest has happened to the control of the economy in relation to the state?

Power has moved outwards towards the market and downwards to sub-national levels of government. Signup and view all the answers

Explain a weakness of the inductive method highlighted in the passage.

Inductive reasoning may fall short in providing explanations for identified patterns in empirical data. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what was one of the main criticisms of Locke's social contract theory by Henderson?

Locke's theory was biased against Africans and Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Signup and view all the answers

What was the key argument made by Mary Wollstonecraft in her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, how does Wollstonecraft's perspective on social contract theory and democracy differ from Locke and Rousseau?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How does the passage characterize Wollstonecraft's perspective on the role of government and social equality?

Wollstonecraft envisioned a society with equal opportunity and the elimination of inherited wealth and poverty. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, what is the primary argument of proponents of democratic elitism?

Elites should govern independently due to concerns about authoritarian values among the masses leading to instability and crisis. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the underlying idea behind the liberal social contract tradition?

Individuals would come together to collectively decide the nature of the political system under which they want to live. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is the primary criticism of Locke's concept of possessive individualism?

It promotes selfishness and greed, leading to substantial social inequalities. Signup and view all the answers

How does the passage describe the relationship between negative rights and capitalism?

Negative rights are seen as protecting individual freedoms and property rights within the capitalist system. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, how are positive rights viewed in relation to social and economic justice?

Positive rights are seen as directly connected to social and economic justice, regardless of the economic system in place. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary critique of the social contract theory presented in the passage?

The social contract theory is based on a flawed assumption that only European men possessed sufficient intelligence and reason to participate in government. Signup and view all the answers

How does the passage characterize the relationship between Locke's concept of negative rights and the concept of positive rights?

The passage highlights that the concept of positive rights can create conflicts with the negative rights championed by Locke, particularly in cases where the right to own property clashes with positive rights to basic necessities. Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which aspect of Locke's political philosophy contrasts most with Hobbes' view?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Locke's conception of 'negative rights' as discussed in the passage?

Rights that the state should not interfere with, such as freedom of speech and religion Signup and view all the answers

How does the passage characterize Hobbes' view on the role of the state and individual freedom?

Hobbes argued for a secular system where individuals surrender their freedom in exchange for security, not due to divine authority Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between realism and liberal/critical theories in international relations?

Realists focus on power politics and national interest, while liberals/critics focus on idealism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of state sovereignty according to the passage?

The state's monopoly of force over people and institutions within its territory. Signup and view all the answers

How does the passage characterize the relationship between rational choice theory and institutional constraints?

Rational choice theory recognizes that preferences are determined by context and institutional constraints. Signup and view all the answers

Pluralism is criticized for emphasizing societal differences to the extent that it values the concept of a general or public interest.

False Signup and view all the answers

Elite theory makes a value judgment about the desirability of elite rule in modern societies.

False Signup and view all the answers

One of the normative critiques of pluralism is that it may enhance opportunities for participation, challenging the notion that elite competition is the best democratic achievement.

True Signup and view all the answers

Elite theory asserts that modern societies are dominated by a ruling elite, but it praises the potential for diverse political participation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Pluralism devalues the concept of a general or public interest by emphasizing shared interests and values among societal groups.

False Signup and view all the answers

Communitarians criticize liberalism for overemphasizing collective values over individual rights.

False Signup and view all the answers

According to communitarians like MacIntyre, the state should play a minimal role in fostering a shared vision of good.

False Signup and view all the answers

The 'hollowing out' thesis suggests that states have gained more power in the globalized era.

False Signup and view all the answers

'Hollowing out' refers to the idea that entities like currency speculators now hold more power compared to states.

True Signup and view all the answers

Communitarians generally agree that liberalism accurately represents modern societies' reliance on social ties in shaping beliefs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Logical positivism appreciates the value of normative analysis in political philosophy.

False Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, state legitimacy can only be questioned internally, not externally.

False Signup and view all the answers

Globalization has had profound implications on the role of the state, according to the passage.

True Signup and view all the answers

Political theorists primarily ask three kinds of questions about political phenomena: semantic, normative, and empirical.

False Signup and view all the answers

The liberal social contract tradition involves an exploration of a state of nature without individuals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Democratic elitism argues that elites should govern independently due to concerns about authoritarian values among the masses.

True Signup and view all the answers

The notion of a social contract implies an agreement among individuals to create a government that would limit citizens' rights.

False Signup and view all the answers

Locke, Rousseau, and Rawls are associated with the liberal social contract tradition.

True Signup and view all the answers

Democratic elitism proponents are ideologically opposed to public participation in governance.

False Signup and view all the answers

Realism in international relations emphasizes the importance of liberal and critical theories.

False Signup and view all the answers

Semantic analysis involves analyzing the historical origins of the concepts we use.

True Signup and view all the answers

Sovereignty refers to self-government and the state's control over the people and institutions within its territory.

True Signup and view all the answers

Explain the contrasting visions of an ideal state presented by Hobbes and Locke based on their views on human nature.

Hobbes depicts human nature as self-serving and competitive, advocating for an all-powerful sovereign to impose order. Locke, on the other hand, believed in the harmonious capacity of individuals and argued for political rule only to safeguard natural rights. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of negative rights advocated by Locke and provide examples of such rights.

Locke argued for negative rights, including rights to life, liberty, and property. These rights focus on individuals' freedom from interference rather than entitlements to state-provided goods or services. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the concept of the 'Leviathan' in Hobbes' political philosophy?

The 'Leviathan' represents the all-powerful sovereign authority advocated by Hobbes to maintain order and security in society. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the idea of state legitimacy and how it is challenged according to the text.

State legitimacy can be challenged both internally and externally, questioning the authority and justification of the government to rule. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of sovereignty in state governance and provide an explanation of state sovereignty.

Sovereignty refers to the authority of a state to make decisions within its territorial boundaries, including matters of life and death. It is a key aspect of state governance and independence. Signup and view all the answers

What are institutional constraints in the context of rational choice theory?

Influences like cultural, religious, or moral beliefs that impact decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the principle of sovereignty as mentioned in the text.

Sovereignty refers to a state having a monopoly of force over people and institutions within its territory. Signup and view all the answers

How do realists differ from liberal and critical theorists in international relations?

Realists prioritize power politics and national interest, opposing the idealism of liberal and critical theories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of semantic analysis according to the text?

Semantic analysis focuses on the meaning, origins, and usage of concepts. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of altruism and other standards of behavior in the context of rational choice theory.

Belief in altruism or other standards can lead individuals to act contrary to self-interest, factored in as institutional constraints. Signup and view all the answers

Theories in Political Science

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

What is one reason rules exist according to the text?

Which statement best describes the relationship between rules and government in the context of the text?

Behavioralists believe that personal values of individual researchers should play a significant role in analyzing politics.

Post-behavioralists advocate for focusing on the values of studying politics.

Theories deliberately include all details to provide a comprehensive understanding of complex events.

Politics involves making decisions about selecting one set of values over another.

What are the three related purposes of theories in the study of politics?

How do theories in politics deal with the complexity of events?

How should we evaluate a theory when an event seems to contradict it?

What is the role of values in the study of politics according to the post-behavioralists?

How do behavioralists differ from post-behavioralists in their approach to studying politics?

What does positivism assert should be the focus of science?

How did the rise of empirical and semantic analyses contribute to the decline of normative analysis?

What is a major limitation imposed by positivism on scientific inquiry?

In what way does semantic analysis differ from normative analysis based on the text?

How did the 'behavioral revolution' impact the study of politics during the 20th century?

According to the feminist perspective, what is the underlying reason for considering the personal realm as political?

What is the main emphasis of the Marxist perspective in understanding political power?

According to the indigenous perspective, which of the following entities are considered to have their own laws and rights?

What is the primary argument of proponents of animal rights in the context of politics?

Which perspective aligns with the view that existence is interconnected and interrelated, extending political boundaries to encompass the entire natural world?

In the context of the text, ethical considerations are explored by questioning duties towards which entities?

According to the passage, who is involved in making decisions in a democratic form of government?

In the discussion on justice and liberty, why is consideration of the natural world significant?

According to the passage, which of the following best describes the core principle of logical positivism?

What was the primary goal of behaviorism, as mentioned in the passage?

Which of the following statements best represents the contemporary approach to political philosophy, according to the passage?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between behaviorism and contemporary political philosophy, as depicted in the passage?

Sovereignty refers to the authority of a state to make life and death decisions.

In Hegel's view, civil society includes governmental institutions such as the military and police.

State legitimacy can only be challenged internally, not externally.

Civil society consists of NGOs but excludes religious institutions.

The state is a larger entity than the government.

Sovereign capabilities are best reflected in the state's ability to provide healthcare to its citizens.

Civil society includes governmental organizations like the Council of Canadians.

The state's authority is based on coercion rather than legitimacy.

Hegel considered the family to be part of civil society.

State sovereignty allows a state to demand citizens' participation in wars with other sovereign states.

Explain a weakness of the inductive method highlighted in the passage.

Why might inductive reasoning fall short in providing explanations for identified patterns in empirical data?

Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning based on their approach to forming conclusions.

Why does identifying a correlation between social class and voting behavior not inherently explain voting behavior?

What is the primary suggestion for theorists according to the critique aligned with the positivist tradition?

What term is used to describe the movement of power away from the state towards international organizations, the market, and sub-national levels of government?

What was one of Keynes' main suggestions regarding the economy?

In the context of the text, what does the term 'neoliberal' refer to?

Which direction does power move 'outwards' towards, according to the text?

What does Jessop (1990) suggest has happened to the control of the economy in relation to the state?

Keynes suggested that the state should not intervene in the economy to balance out boom-and-bust cycles.

The movement of control away from the state has led to the term 'filling in' instead of 'hollowing out.'

Power has predominantly moved downwards to sub-national levels of government according to Jessop (1990).

Globalization has had limited implications on the role of the state, according to the passage.

Different theories of the state have little to offer in understanding the modern world.

What term is used to describe the movement of power away from the state towards international organizations, the market, and sub-national levels of government?

According to Keynes, what was the main suggestion regarding the state's intervention in the economy?

What does Jessop (1990) suggest has happened to the control of the economy in relation to the state?

Explain a weakness of the inductive method highlighted in the passage.

According to the passage, what was one of the main criticisms of Locke's social contract theory by Henderson?

What was the key argument made by Mary Wollstonecraft in her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?

Based on the passage, how does Wollstonecraft's perspective on social contract theory and democracy differ from Locke and Rousseau?

How does the passage characterize Wollstonecraft's perspective on the role of government and social equality?

In the context of the text, what is the primary argument of proponents of democratic elitism?

According to the passage, what is the underlying idea behind the liberal social contract tradition?

According to the passage, what is the primary criticism of Locke's concept of possessive individualism?

How does the passage describe the relationship between negative rights and capitalism?

According to the passage, how are positive rights viewed in relation to social and economic justice?

What is the primary critique of the social contract theory presented in the passage?

How does the passage characterize the relationship between Locke's concept of negative rights and the concept of positive rights?

According to the passage, which aspect of Locke's political philosophy contrasts most with Hobbes' view?

Which of the following best describes Locke's conception of 'negative rights' as discussed in the passage?

How does the passage characterize Hobbes' view on the role of the state and individual freedom?

What is the key distinction between realism and liberal/critical theories in international relations?

What is the definition of state sovereignty according to the passage?

How does the passage characterize the relationship between rational choice theory and institutional constraints?

Pluralism is criticized for emphasizing societal differences to the extent that it values the concept of a general or public interest.

Elite theory makes a value judgment about the desirability of elite rule in modern societies.

One of the normative critiques of pluralism is that it may enhance opportunities for participation, challenging the notion that elite competition is the best democratic achievement.