The Writing Process

The Writing Process

• Pre-writing is the preparatory stage before the actual writing takes place.

Pre-Writing: Process/Techniques:

• Choosing a topic involves selecting a formal theme.
• Brainstorming includes starting a list of words related to topic.
• Freewriting involves writing the flow and jotting down related ideas in fragments or sentences, while not being restrictive.
• Clustering: Fragments, paragraph form sentence or paragraph sub.
• Narrowing the topics requires asking questions and creating topic sentences to focus writing.
• Identifying audience and purpose involves understanding the audience and knowing what perspective to use.

Writing

• This is the stage where bulk of the writing process happens through various drafts.

Writing: Process Involved:

• Outlining involves creating a blueprint to organize ideas in a logical manner.
• Drafting involves fleshing out each part of the outline and creating finer and complete writing.

Post Writing

• Involves refinement and completion of the writing stage.

Post-Writing: Process Involved:

• Revising entails clarifying vague sentences, straightening awkward sentences, and deleting unnecessary details.
• Editing focuses on correcting flaws in grammar and mechanics, punctuations, capitalization, and spelling.
• Rewriting focuses on polishing and refining what has been written, instead of writing new things.

Writing Symbols

• Indent (L)
• Insert new Paragraph (¶)
• Spell out (O)
• Transposing letters (U)
• Insert word or letter (/)
• Capitalize (=)
• Lower case (/)
• Insert space (O)
• Apostrophe (v)
• Comma (,)
• Delete (e)
• Delete space (C)

Levels of Comprehension

• Literal comprehension involves understanding explicit ideas and is the most basic.
• Interpretative comprehension involves the ability to make inferences and draw conclusions.
• Applied comprehension is the highest level, where the reader relates personal experience to provide conclusion.

Principles of Good Writing

• Unity means each sentence should relate and connect to one another.
• Cohesion refers to chains of messages or sentences sticking together via transitional devices.
• Order means presenting ideas in a logical way to communicate.

Paragraph Development Patterns

• Narrative is for narrating a story, either fictional or non-fictional.
• Definition is used to define and explain to give meaning.
• Description is used to describe something or someone in words, either subjectively (perspective/opinion) or objectively (as is).
• Comparison and contrast showcases similarities and differences.
• Exemplification gives examples to enhance understanding with a series of examples.
• Cause and effect explains why something happened and what happens next.
• Problem and solution poses a problem and presents/proposes solutions, such as a project proposal.

Types of Paragraph Development

• Chronological/narrative utilizes a time sequence.
• Spatial/geographical uses spaces and positioning.
• Climactic builds interest and intensity leading from climax.