The Water Crisis and Desalination
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Questions and Answers

Which factor contributes to the lower salinity in coastal areas compared to the open ocean?

  • Higher evaporation
  • Higher fresh water runoff (correct)
  • Higher sea ice concentration
  • Higher precipitation

What is the salinity of the Dead Sea?

  • 35 parts per million
  • 330 parts per thousand (correct)
  • 15 parts per hundred
  • 30 parts per thousand

What are the two main factors that affect salinity?

  • Evaporation and sea ice
  • Fresh water runoff and precipitation
  • Fresh water runoff and sea ice
  • Evaporation and precipitation (correct)

Which of the following is the largest reservoir of water on the planet?

<p>Oceans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has the highest concentration of ions in seawater?

<p>Ions with long residence times (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes an increase in salinity in mid-latitudes?

<p>Evaporation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor leads to decreasing salinity over the equator?

<p>Precipitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the massive jungles in the Amazon River basin?

<p>Tremendous precipitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the high concentration of sodium and chloride in the ocean?

<p>Evaporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reservoir has the largest exchange of water with the atmosphere?

<p>Ocean (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of desalination is considered simple and low-cost, but not very efficient?

<p>Solar distillation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the adoption of desalination methods to address the decreasing water supply?

<p>Water shortages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has a larger impact on the density of ocean water?

<p>Temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rapid change in temperature with depth called?

<p>Thermocline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the salinity distribution in ocean water?

<p>Evaporation and precipitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the layering of ocean water according to density called?

<p>Picnocline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not as significant as salinity and temperature in influencing density?

<p>Pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which regions is there no thermocline due to cold temperatures?

<p>High latitudes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rapid change in density with depth called?

<p>Picnocline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer in the ocean supports life by allowing light to penetrate?

<p>The surface layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the low pH layer in the ocean?

<p>Marine and animal respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What helps maintain a relatively stable pH in the ocean?

<p>Ocean buffering system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are important aspects of the ocean buffering system?

<p>Precipitation and calcium carbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in the ocean?

<p>Steadily increases until the bottom of the thermocline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do marine organisms play in regulating dissolved carbon dioxide levels?

<p>Pulling out calcium carbonate from seawater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the oxygen concentration below the surface of the ocean?

<p>Decreases quickly and then starts to increase with depth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Water Crisis and Desalination Methods

  • The demand for fresh water is increasing while the water supply is decreasing, leading to water shortages.
  • Water conservation became important during a drought period, but after reservoirs were recharged, the issue was not prioritized.
  • Similar to fossil fuels, the price of water needs to become cost prohibitive for alternative technologies to be adopted.
  • Desalination plants, which remove salt from water, are being built in regions with salty water, and may soon appear in California.
  • Solar distillation is a simple and low-cost method of desalination, but it is not very efficient.
  • Heating water can speed up the process of distillation, but it still has limitations.
  • Reverse osmosis is a more effective method of desalination, but it is expensive and requires specialized membranes.
  • Freeze separation is another method, where seawater freezes and leaves behind salt, resulting in relatively fresh water.
  • One proposed solution for water issues in California was to transport icebergs from Alaska to provide fresh water.
  • Seawater is alkaline, while fresh water is slightly acidic due to the dissolution of minerals.
  • Salinity is expressed as parts per thousand, which is equivalent to a fraction with an extra zero.
  • The water crisis is a pressing issue that requires the adoption of desalination methods to address the decreasing water supply.

Ocean pH and the Carbonate Buffering System

  • The thermocline is the layer in the ocean where light penetrates and supports life.
  • The low pH layer in the ocean is caused by marine and animal respiration, which releases carbon dioxide.
  • The ocean has a buffering system that helps maintain a relatively stable pH.
  • Precipitation and the presence of calcium carbonate are important aspects of the buffering system.
  • The concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in the ocean steadily increases until the bottom of the thermocline.
  • Marine organisms play a role in keeping the dissolved carbon dioxide relatively low by pulling out calcium carbonate from seawater.
  • Oxygen concentration in the ocean is higher at high latitudes due to photosynthesis by marine organisms.
  • Oxygen concentration decreases quickly below the surface and then starts to increase with depth.
  • The ocean acts as a carbon sink, absorbing more than a quarter of the excess carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels.
  • The increase in carbon dioxide can disrupt the base of the food chain and have a cascading effect on the ocean ecosystem.
  • Rising temperatures decrease the solubility of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the ocean, leading to potential oxygen depletion.
  • The dissolution of marine organisms' shells and the decrease in oxygen levels can have detrimental effects on ocean life.

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Test your knowledge on the water crisis and desalination methods with this quiz. Explore topics such as the increasing demand for fresh water, the importance of water conservation, and the different techniques used in desalination. Challenge yourself and learn more about the pressing issue of the decreasing water supply.

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