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The legal hearings on succession were set to begin on 10 May 1291.
The legal hearings on succession were set to begin on 10 May 1291.
True (A)
John, Lord Hastings, was the only claimant to the Scottish throne.
John, Lord Hastings, was the only claimant to the Scottish throne.
False (B)
Edward I required all claimants to acknowledge him as the overlord of Scotland.
Edward I required all claimants to acknowledge him as the overlord of Scotland.
True (A)
Bruce based his claim on a strong and established legal foundation.
Bruce based his claim on a strong and established legal foundation.
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The Scots nobles agreed to Edward's demand for recognition of his authority.
The Scots nobles agreed to Edward's demand for recognition of his authority.
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Edward and his lawyers viewed the Scots kingdom as a normal, legally recognisable European kingdom.
Edward and his lawyers viewed the Scots kingdom as a normal, legally recognisable European kingdom.
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Edward I's legal claim was based on the anointment of Scottish kings.
Edward I's legal claim was based on the anointment of Scottish kings.
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The three most serious claimants were all descendants of Earl David of Huntingdon's daughters.
The three most serious claimants were all descendants of Earl David of Huntingdon's daughters.
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Edward I had a male heir who was a lord.
Edward I had a male heir who was a lord.
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Count Floris was able to provide documentation to support his claim.
Count Floris was able to provide documentation to support his claim.
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Balliol was crowned king on St Andrew's Day.
Balliol was crowned king on St Andrew's Day.
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John Comyn 'the Black' represented the line of Malcolm III.
John Comyn 'the Black' represented the line of Malcolm III.
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The court decided in favor of Balliol on 17 November 1292.
The court decided in favor of Balliol on 17 November 1292.
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Edward I had a direct claim to the throne through his daughter Edith/Matilda.
Edward I had a direct claim to the throne through his daughter Edith/Matilda.
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The principal joint challenger to Bruce was Patrick, Earl of Dunbar.
The principal joint challenger to Bruce was Patrick, Earl of Dunbar.
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Edward gave orders for Bruce to be crowned king in 1292.
Edward gave orders for Bruce to be crowned king in 1292.
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Balliol's hesitation benefited his reputation during the negotiations.
Balliol's hesitation benefited his reputation during the negotiations.
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The Scots nobility conceded more than previous treaties allowed under Edward.
The Scots nobility conceded more than previous treaties allowed under Edward.
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The King's army was well-prepared for the attack on the town's walls.
The King's army was well-prepared for the attack on the town's walls.
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Edward I faced significant opposition from the Scots nobility when asserting his rights.
Edward I faced significant opposition from the Scots nobility when asserting his rights.
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The town's fortifications included a well-built stone wall.
The town's fortifications included a well-built stone wall.
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The treaty arranged by the council with France was intended to protect Scotland from English invasion.
The treaty arranged by the council with France was intended to protect Scotland from English invasion.
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Edward ordered the immediate assault on the town's wall after the sailors' misinterpretation.
Edward ordered the immediate assault on the town's wall after the sailors' misinterpretation.
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There is certainty regarding the status of Balliol's wife, Isabel de Warenne, in 1292.
There is certainty regarding the status of Balliol's wife, Isabel de Warenne, in 1292.
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The armed conflict across the Border persisted until 1560 despite a largely peaceful situation.
The armed conflict across the Border persisted until 1560 despite a largely peaceful situation.
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The Scots army was more disciplined than the English army during the confrontation.
The Scots army was more disciplined than the English army during the confrontation.
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Up to 11,000 people may have died in the sack of the town.
Up to 11,000 people may have died in the sack of the town.
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Balliol was considered a consensual leader among the Scottish nobility.
Balliol was considered a consensual leader among the Scottish nobility.
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Edward I used his legal rights as suzerain primarily to curb Scottish rebellion.
Edward I used his legal rights as suzerain primarily to curb Scottish rebellion.
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Dunbar was able to successfully defend against the siege laid by the English.
Dunbar was able to successfully defend against the siege laid by the English.
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The annexation of the Scots kingdom by Edward followed the usual 'union of crowns' that was common in Europe.
The annexation of the Scots kingdom by Edward followed the usual 'union of crowns' that was common in Europe.
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The Scots nobles willingly submitted to Edward at the Parliament in Berwick.
The Scots nobles willingly submitted to Edward at the Parliament in Berwick.
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Wallace and Moray used tightly packed knots of pike-wielding infantry known as 'schiltrons' during their defense.
Wallace and Moray used tightly packed knots of pike-wielding infantry known as 'schiltrons' during their defense.
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William ed Haselrig was the English lord of Scone killed by Wallace.
William ed Haselrig was the English lord of Scone killed by Wallace.
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Andrew Moray was one of the nobles deported in 1296.
Andrew Moray was one of the nobles deported in 1296.
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The bridge broke under the weight of the fleeing English cavalry during the battle.
The bridge broke under the weight of the fleeing English cavalry during the battle.
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By the end of the summer, most of Scotland accepted the leadership of Wallace.
By the end of the summer, most of Scotland accepted the leadership of Wallace.
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Cressingham was flayed alive by the Scots following his capture.
Cressingham was flayed alive by the Scots following his capture.
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Sir Reginald Cheyne was a Scotsman leading a local revolt during this time.
Sir Reginald Cheyne was a Scotsman leading a local revolt during this time.
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Moray suffered a mortal wound at the Battle of Stirling.
Moray suffered a mortal wound at the Battle of Stirling.
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Wallace successfully fought a larger royal army at Irvine in July 1298.
Wallace successfully fought a larger royal army at Irvine in July 1298.
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The Scots nobles joined Edward's feudal summons willingly and without distrust.
The Scots nobles joined Edward's feudal summons willingly and without distrust.
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The English army at Roxburgh on June 25 consisted of approximately 14,800 infantry troops.
The English army at Roxburgh on June 25 consisted of approximately 14,800 infantry troops.
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Wallace was appointed Guardian after the Battle of Falkirk.
Wallace was appointed Guardian after the Battle of Falkirk.
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The Scots used guerrilla warfare and unconventional tactics effectively against the English.
The Scots used guerrilla warfare and unconventional tactics effectively against the English.
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Edward was in charge of the next invasion after Wallace resigned as Guardian.
Edward was in charge of the next invasion after Wallace resigned as Guardian.
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William Wallace was initially supported by all Scots nobles during the revolt.
William Wallace was initially supported by all Scots nobles during the revolt.
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Moray was often overlooked, but played a key role alongside Wallace.
Moray was often overlooked, but played a key role alongside Wallace.
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Study Notes
The Wars of Independence and the Bruces (1286-1371)
- Following Alexander III's death in 1286, the succession was contested. Margaret, the granddaughter of Alexander III, was named heir.
- Her succession was not contested openly but presented the issue of who would marry her and be the effective ruler.
- Edward I of England sought to marry Margaret to his son, aiming to unite Scotland and England.
- Margaret died in 1290, leaving the throne vacant and leading to further disputes.
- Robert Bruce and John Comyn and John Balliol were prominent contenders for the throne.
- Bruce had a weaker genealogical claim but was recognized as heir by King Alexander III.
- Balliol was a closer heir to the House of Dunkeld
- Comyn was an important rival for Bruce, and also allied with Balliol
- Edward I acted as arbitrator and demanded recognition as overlord of Scotland.
- Scots nobles refused to acknowledge Edward as overlord and claimed the right to choose their own king.
- Edward I supported the claim of John Balliol, and he was crowned.
- Balliol was inaugurated at Scone on 30 November 1292.
Edward I and Scotland
- Edward I ruthlessly applied his legal rights as suzerain in dealing with Scottish claimants. He required all candidates to acknowledge him as overlord.
- Edward's actions provoked further revolt. Key individuals such as MacDubh, Lord Hastings, Count Floris, and Patrick, Earl of Dunbar, played roles in this contest
- He held hearings and courts to decide the succession.
- Balliol had to appear at English parliament to defend a case and to fight in Edward's war with France.
- Balliol was driven into exile and the crown was seized by Edward in 1296.
The Rise of Wallace and Bruce
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William Wallace, a lesser gentry figure, and Andrew Moray led a local revolt in Scotland alongside others.
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Initially, the Scots resistance was led by lesser people.
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Wallace and Moray fought a key battle at Stirling Bridge in 1297, defeating the English.
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Edward I retaliated and met the Scots nobles at Falkirk in 1298.
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Wallace resigned as leader and a number of nobles surrendered in 1304.
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Robert Bruce, despite previous alignment with Edward, eventually led a revolt. This led to his claiming the throne of Scotland.
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Wallace's capture, trial, and execution further suppressed the rebellions.
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Description
Explore the tumultuous period following Alexander III's death that led to conflicts over the Scottish throne. Discover the key figures such as Robert Bruce, John Comyn, and John Balliol, and the influence of Edward I of England. This quiz delves into the intricate dynamics of succession and the struggle for Scottish independence during the late 13th to early 14th century.
