The Useful Roles of Microbes
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Questions and Answers

Who is often credited as the first person to observe microorganisms using a microscope?

  • Akshamsaddin
  • Semmelweis
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Van Leeuwenhoek (correct)

    • Which scientist's work laid the groundwork for the idea of a hidden world of tiny living organisms not visible to the naked eye?

  • Akshamsaddin
  • Semmelweis
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Van Leeuwenhoek (correct)

    • Who is considered a pioneer of antiseptic procedures and worked as an obstetrician in Vienna?

  • Semmelweis (correct)
  • Akshamsaddin
  • Van Leeuwenhoek
  • Louis Pasteur

    • Who claimed that diseases, like plants and animals, have 'invisible seeds'?

    <p>Akshamsaddin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the evidence supporting the two-domain system in microbiology?

    <p>Genetic information, particularly ribosomal RNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopy technique is used to improve contrast by illuminating the specimen against a dark background?

    <p>Dark-field microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to total magnification in a light microscope?

    <p>Product of ocular and objective lens powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a bright-field microscope, what is the function of the condenser lens?

    <p>To focus light onto the specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes helminths and viruses as part of microbiology?

    <p>Their impact on infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What differentiates bright-field and dark-field light microscopy?"

    <p>Image contrast and background illumination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What defines the key differences between Bacteria and Archaea?"

    <p>Cell wall composition, lipids in membrane, and genetic differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Which organisms are outlined based on their defining features, roles, and characteristics?"

    <p>Fungi, protozoa, and helminths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What are non-microbes such as helminths and viruses considered part of microbiology?"

    <p>Due to their impact on infectious diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What is explained through definitions of magnification, refraction, resolution, and contrast in microscopy?"

    <p>Key concepts relevant to microscopy techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What are techniques used to improve contrast in microscopy?"

    <p>Dark-field, phase contrast, and differential interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who pioneered antiseptic surgery with the use of carbolic acid?

    <p>Lister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist observed higher patient mortality in doctor-run clinics than midwife-run clinics?

    <p>Semmelweis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who demonstrated that microbes can cause disease by isolating a fungus that killed silkworms?

    <p>Bassi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist developed postulates to establish a causal relationship between microbes and disease?

    <p>Koch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who disproved spontaneous generation and developed techniques for vaccine production?

    <p>Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered the causes of anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis?

    <p>Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used to detect unique proteins in microbes?

    <p>Fluorescent compound tagging via antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial cell shape is classified as cylindrical?

    <p>Bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the groupings of prokaryotes after binary fission?

    <p>Diplococcus, long chains, cubical packets, grapelike clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows passage of amino acids and simple sugars in gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Outer membrane with porins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of LPS (lipopolysaccharide)?

    <p>$Lipid A$, core polysaccharide, and O antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of LPS is recognized by the immune system?

    <p>Lipid A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of O antigen in LPS?

    <p>It helps identify bacterial species or strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique pattern of sugars between Lipid A and O antigen in LPS?

    <p>Core polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do bacterial transport processes include?

    <p>Diffusion, passive transport, active transport, facilitated transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do prokaryotes use for active movement of proteins out of the cell?

    <p>Extracellular enzymes and external structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resolution limit for light microscopy due to visible light's physical constraints?

    <p>0.2 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopy technique observes cell structure details by directing electrons through or scattering them within the specimen?

    <p>Transmission EM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Gram stain from other staining techniques?

    <p>It distinguishes gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining technique detects mycobacteria with high mycolic acid concentrations?

    <p>Acid-fast stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of electron microscopy compared to light microscopy?

    <p>Expensive and complex to operate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes immunofluorescence from fluorescence microscopy?

    <p>It attaches fluorescent molecules to antibodies for simultaneous visualization of different cellular components emitting different colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dark-field microscopy achieve by directing light at an angle?

    <p>Creating bright cell images against a dark background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining technique distinguishes cell types rather than simple staining involving a single dye?

    <p>Differential staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drawback of fluorescence microscopes compared to bright-field microscopes?

    <p>Complex and expensive to operate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does scanning EM do to yield a three-dimensional effect?

    <p>Coats the specimen surface with a thin metal film and scans it with an electron beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes in terms of visualization?

    <p>Higher magnification and detailed visualization capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resolution limit of light microscopy due to visible light's physical constraints?

    <p>0.2 nanometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopy technique uses electromagnetic lenses and electrons for visualization?

    <p>Electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What staining technique distinguishes gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Gram stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining method is used to detect mycobacteria with high mycolic acid concentrations?

    <p>Acid-fast stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy provides powerful cellular component visualization using fluorophores?

    <p>Fluorescence microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $f(x) = -4(x + 3)^2 + 2$. What is the vertex of this quadratic function?

    <p>Not a valid question for this context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who coined the term 'virus' to describe a filterable infectious agent?

    <p>Beijerink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ivanovsky identify as the first virus discovered?

    <p>Tobacco mosaic virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest virus known, requiring only two genes to replicate and produce viruses?

    <p>Parvovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Loeffler and Frosch discover is caused by a virus?

    <p>Foot-and-mouth disease in cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial cell shape is classified as spherical?

    <p>Cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most conserved component of LPS recognized by the immune system?

    <p>Lipid A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial cell structure consists of NAG-NAM chains and wall peptides?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria have an outer membrane with porins allowing passage of AAs and simple sugars?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the groupings of prokaryotes after binary fission called?

    <p>Diplococcus, long chains, cubical packets, and grapelike clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the examples of bacterial cell shapes classified as cylindrical?

    <p>E. coli, listeria, and salmonella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) that can cause symptoms characteristic of bacterial infection?

    <p>Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps identify bacterial species or strains and varies in number and type of sugar molecules?

    <p>O antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique pattern of sugars between Lipid A and O antigen in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)?

    <p>Core polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do gram-positive bacteria have that gram-negative bacteria lack in their cell wall structure?

    <p>Thick peptidoglycan cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infection life cycle stage involves the release of new virions from the host cell?

    <p>Release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes both chickenpox and shingles, residing in nerve cells?

    <p>Herpes virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location for DNA virus replication within the host cell?

    <p>Host cell nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for visible damage to host cells caused by viral infection, manifesting as cell rounding, fusion, or death?

    <p>Viral cytopathic effect (CPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection involves periods of inactivity followed by reactivation?

    <p>'Latent infection'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses?

    <p>Presence of lipid envelopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus can contribute to cancer by integrating its genetic material into the host cell's DNA?

    <p>HPV (Human Papillomavirus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a virion?

    <p>The complete infectious viral particle outside a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do RNA viruses primarily replicate within the host cell?

    <p>Host cell cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute infections from persistent infections?

    <p>Duration of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What is a defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells?'

    <p>'Presence of a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic used for classifying viruses?

    <p>Presence of lipid envelopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute infections from persistent infections?

    <p>Duration of the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do DNA viruses often replicate within the host cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a virion?

    <p>To be a complete infectious viral particle outside a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to cytopathic effect (CPE) in viral infections?

    <p>Visible damage to host cells caused by viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>The presence of a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus can cause both chickenpox and shingles?

    <p>Varicella-Zoster virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can some viruses contribute to by integrating their genetic material into the host cell's DNA?

    <p>Cancer development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for periods of inactivity followed by reactivation in viral infections?

    <p>Latent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do RNA viruses often replicate within the host cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen causes a gastrointestinal illness through waterborne transmission?

    <p>Cryptosporidium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Contaminated food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium has a preference for high salt environments?

    <p>Halophile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes facultative anaerobes from obligate anaerobes?

    <p>Ability to grow with or without oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of catalase in microbial cells?

    <p>Breaks down hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pasteurization in the context of food and beverages?

    <p>Eliminates pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of WGS (Whole Genome Sequencing) in microbial genomics?

    <p>High resolution and detailed genomic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic index of a drug?

    <p>A ratio comparing the dose causing toxic effect to the dose causing therapeutic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones and rifamycins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined?

    <p>It is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits visible growth of a microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are four general mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Drug inactivation/enzyme modification, alteration in target molecule, decreased uptake of the drug, increased elimination of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of chemical preservatives in microbial preservation?

    <p>To inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are prokaryotes primarily identified in microbiology?

    <p>Through microscopic morphology, culture characteristics, and metabolic capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biofilms in microbiology refer to?

    <p>Communities of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for distinguishing different strains of microorganisms?

    <p>Biochemical tests, serological typing, and molecular typing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methods are used to classify prokaryotes?

    <p>$16S$ rRNA sequencing, serological typing, and MLST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a species in microbiology?

    <p>A group of organisms capable of interbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reducing water availability achieve in microbial preservation?

    <p>Inhibits microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aids in the identification of prokaryotes?

    <p>Phenotypic characteristics like microscopic morphology and metabolic capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of low-temperature storage in food preservation?

    <p>Slows microbial growth and preserves food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can prokaryotes be classified?

    <p>Using morphology, immunological methods, and molecular techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a strain in microbiology?

    <p>A group of microorganisms derived from a single original isolate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of chemical preservatives in microbial preservation?

    <p>To inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are prokaryotes primarily identified in microbiology?

    <p>Through microscopic morphology, culture characteristics, and metabolic capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biofilms in microbiology refer to?

    <p>Communities of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for distinguishing different strains of microorganisms?

    <p>Biochemical tests, serological typing, and molecular typing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methods are used to classify prokaryotes?

    <p>$16S$ rRNA sequencing, serological typing, and MLST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a species in microbiology?

    <p>A group of organisms capable of interbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reducing water availability achieve in microbial preservation?

    <p>Inhibits microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aids in the identification of prokaryotes?

    <p>Phenotypic characteristics like microscopic morphology and metabolic capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of low-temperature storage in food preservation?

    <p>Slows microbial growth and preserves food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can prokaryotes be classified?

    <p>Using morphology, immunological methods, and molecular techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a strain in microbiology?

    <p>A group of microorganisms derived from a single original isolate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life?

    <p>Chemical preservatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In microbiology, what defines a group of microorganisms capable of interbreeding?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are prokaryotes primarily identified?

    <p>Microscopic morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aids in the identification of prokaryotes?

    <p>$16S$ rRNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to classify prokaryotes?

    <p>$16S$ rRNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strain in microbiology?

    <p>A group of microorganisms derived from a single original isolate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aids in distinguishing different strains of microorganisms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to classify both species and strains?

    <p>16S rRNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biofilms in microbiology?

    <p>Communities of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used to slow microbial growth and preserve food?

    <p>Low-temperature storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic aids in the identification of prokaryotes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism causes toxoplasmosis and is transmitted by contaminated food or cat feces?

    <p>Toxoplasma gondii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for Cryptosporidium, causing gastrointestinal illness?

    <p>Waterborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide, a characteristic of many microorganisms?

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing characteristic of facultative anaerobes among microbial pathogens?

    <p>They can grow with or without oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria have different temperature and pH preferences, reflecting their adaptability?

    <p>Mesophile, thermophile, hyperthermophile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sterilization' in microbiology refers to:

    <p>Eradicating all microbial life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of obligate anaerobes among microbial pathogens?

    <p>They cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection involves periods of inactivity followed by reactivation?

    <p>Latent infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pasteurization in relation to food and beverages?

    <p>Treating food and beverages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amoeba causes a fatal brain infection and is found in warm freshwater?

    <p>Naegleria fowleri.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria can grow with or without oxygen?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of tapeworm transmission to humans?

    <p>Ingesting contaminated food/water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

    <p>The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits visible growth of a microorganism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic index of a drug?

    <p>The ratio comparing the dose that causes a toxic effect to the dose that causes a therapeutic effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of antimicrobial resistance involves altering the target molecule?

    <p>Alteration in target molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test from commercial modifications of antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

    <p>Commercial modifications use paper discs impregnated with antimicrobial agents to test susceptibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Cidal" drugs are those that:

    <p>Kill the microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selective toxicity?

    <p>The ability of an antimicrobial agent to selectively target and inhibit or kill the pathogen without causing significant harm to the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ß-lactam drugs and other antimicrobials related?

    <p>Both ß-lactam drugs and other antimicrobials inhibit cell wall synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does acquired resistance to specific drugs result from?

    <p>Both A and B are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance be slowed?

    <p>By proper use of antimicrobials, combination therapy, global cooperation, public education, surveillance, and monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic factors are slowing the development of new drugs?

    <p>Both A and B are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What species primarily produce antibiotics?

    <p>Both bacteria and fungi are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen causes a fatal brain infection and is found in warm freshwater?

    <p>Naegleria fowleri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Contaminated food or cat feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide in microbial cells?

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pasteurization in the context of food and beverages?

    <p>Treats food and beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria can grow with or without oxygen?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sterilization and disinfection?

    <p>Sterilization eliminates all microbial life, while disinfection reduces pathogens on surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of superoxide dismutase in microbial cells?

    <p>Converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes candidiasis and is multidrug-resistant?

    <p>Candida auris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does preservation aim to do in the context of microbial control?

    <p>Inhibits microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for various tapeworm species?

    <p>Ingesting undercooked meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes gastrointestinal illness through waterborne transmission?

    <p>Cryptosporidium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life?

    <p>Chemical preservatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In microbiology, what defines a group of microorganisms capable of interbreeding?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are prokaryotes primarily identified?

    <p>Microscopic morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aids in the identification of prokaryotes?

    <p>$16S$ rRNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to classify prokaryotes?

    <p>$16S$ rRNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strain in microbiology?

    <p>A group of microorganisms derived from a single original isolate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aids in distinguishing different strains of microorganisms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to classify both species and strains?

    <p>16S rRNA sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biofilms in microbiology?

    <p>Communities of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used to slow microbial growth and preserve food?

    <p>Low-temperature storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic aids in the identification of prokaryotes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection involves periods of inactivity followed by reactivation?

    <p>Latent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a virion?

    <p>An infectious viral particle outside a host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes enveloped viruses from non-enveloped viruses?

    <p>Presence of lipid envelopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do DNA viruses often replicate within the host cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    $f(x) = -4(x + 3)^2 + 2$. What is the vertex of this quadratic function?

    <p>$(-3, 2)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location for RNA virus replication within the host cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for visible damage to host cells caused by viral infection?

    <p>Cytopathic effect (CPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes both chickenpox and shingles, residing in nerve cells?

    <p>Varicella-Zoster virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to cancer by integrating its genetic material into the host cell's DNA?

    <p>HPV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute infections and persistent infections?

    <p>Duration of virus presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of whole genome sequencing (WGS)?

    <p>High resolution and detailed genomic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic index of a drug?

    <p>The ratio comparing the dose causing toxic effects to the dose causing therapeutic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial drug inhibits nucleic acid synthesis?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determined?

    <p>It is the lowest concentration killing 99.9% of bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Cidal" drugs are those that:

    <p>Kill microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines acquired resistance to antimicrobials?

    <p>Results from genetic changes or acquisition of resistance genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor slowing the development of new antibiotics?

    <p>The challenge of overcoming resistance and finding novel targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of combination therapy in antimicrobial treatment?

    <p>To broaden the spectrum of activity and increase efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are commercial modifications different from Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test for antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

    <p>Commercial modifications involve automated systems for more precise measurements, while Kirby-Bauer uses paper discs impregnated with antimicrobial agents for testing susceptibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines selective toxicity in the context of antimicrobial agents?

    <p>The ability to selectively target and inhibit or kill the pathogen without causing significant harm to the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What species primarily produce antibiotics?

    <p>Bacteria and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Cell Structures and Transport Processes

    • Technique using fluorescent compound tagging via antibodies to detect unique proteins in microbes
    • Bacterial cell shapes classified as cocci (spherical) and bacilli (cylindrical), with examples like E. coli, listeria, and salmonella
    • Groupings of prokaryotes after binary fission, including diplococcus, long chains, cubical packets, and grapelike clusters
    • Different transport systems for molecules across the cell membrane, including facilitated diffusion, active transport, and protein secretion
    • Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane with porins allowing passage of AAs and simple sugars, while gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
    • Peptidoglycan structure consisting of NAG-NAM chains and wall peptides forming glycan chains and tetrapeptide chains
    • Basic structure of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) including Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen, which can cause symptoms characteristic of bacterial infection and help bacteria evade the immune system
    • Lipid A is the most conserved component of LPS and is recognized by the immune system
    • O antigen helps identify bacterial species or strains and varies in number and type of sugar molecules
    • Core polysaccharide is a unique pattern of sugars between Lipid A and O antigen
    • Bacterial transport processes include diffusion, passive transport, active transport, and facilitated transport
    • Prokaryotes use a variety of secretion systems for active movement of proteins out of the cell, such as extracellular enzymes and external structures

    Viral Classification, Infections, and Eukaryotic Microbes Overview

    • Viruses are classified based on nucleic acid type, envelope presence, capsid symmetry, and virion dimensions.
    • Viruses are challenging to study in the lab because they require a host cell for replication and are intracellular parasites.
    • Enveloped viruses have lipid envelopes, examples include Influenza and Herpes; non-enveloped viruses lack lipid envelopes, examples include Adenovirus and Tobacco Mosaic Virus.
    • Varicella-Zoster virus causes both chickenpox and shingles, residing in nerve cells.
    • Acute infections are short-lived with rapid onset, while persistent infections last an extended period, divided into chronic and latent types.
    • Some viruses can contribute to cancer by integrating their genetic material into the host cell's DNA, examples include HPV and Hepatitis B and C viruses.
    • A virion is a complete, infectious viral particle outside a host cell, consisting of the viral genome and a protective protein coat.
    • The viral infection life cycle involves attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release.
    • DNA viruses often replicate in the host cell nucleus, while RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm; retroviruses use reverse transcription.
    • Latent infections have periods of inactivity followed by reactivation, acute infections are short-lived, and chronic infections involve continual virus production.
    • Cytopathic effect (CPE) refers to visible damage to host cells caused by viral infection, manifesting as cell rounding, fusion, or death.
    • Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

    Viral Classification, Infections, and Eukaryotic Microbes Overview

    • Viruses are classified based on nucleic acid type, envelope presence, capsid symmetry, and virion dimensions.
    • Viruses are challenging to study in the lab because they require a host cell for replication and are intracellular parasites.
    • Enveloped viruses have lipid envelopes, examples include Influenza and Herpes; non-enveloped viruses lack lipid envelopes, examples include Adenovirus and Tobacco Mosaic Virus.
    • Varicella-Zoster virus causes both chickenpox and shingles, residing in nerve cells.
    • Acute infections are short-lived with rapid onset, while persistent infections last an extended period, divided into chronic and latent types.
    • Some viruses can contribute to cancer by integrating their genetic material into the host cell's DNA, examples include HPV and Hepatitis B and C viruses.
    • A virion is a complete, infectious viral particle outside a host cell, consisting of the viral genome and a protective protein coat.
    • The viral infection life cycle involves attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release.
    • DNA viruses often replicate in the host cell nucleus, while RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm; retroviruses use reverse transcription.
    • Latent infections have periods of inactivity followed by reactivation, acute infections are short-lived, and chronic infections involve continual virus production.
    • Cytopathic effect (CPE) refers to visible damage to host cells caused by viral infection, manifesting as cell rounding, fusion, or death.
    • Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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    Explore the various beneficial roles of microbes in biotechnology, food production, environmental processes, and medicine. Learn how microbes are utilized in different industries and contribute to important processes.

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