38 Questions
What was the primary focus of early models of visual perception?
Top-down analysis of visual stimuli
What was the outcome of the experiments conducted by Ungerleider and Mishkin in 1982?
The formulation of a hypothesis about two different systems in the brain for seeing
What is the primary function of the dorsal stream in visual processing?
The perception of spatial location and movement
At which level does Marr's tri-level hypothesis evaluate the problem that the system is trying to solve?
Computational level
What is the primary difference between the dorsal stream and the ventral stream?
The dorsal stream is involved in spatial perception, while the ventral stream is involved in object recognition
What is the significance of the hypothesis proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin in 1982?
It identified two distinct pathways of visual processing in the brain
What is the purpose of the algorithmic level in Marr's model of visual processing?
To specify the information-processing steps to solve the problem
What is the output of the first stage of Marr's model of visual processing?
A raw primal sketch of the image
What is the primary concern of the implementational level in Marr's model?
Determining the physical realization of the visual process
What is the function of the line of symmetry in the 3-D sketch?
To connect the parts of the object using lines of symmetry
What is the primary advantage of the 3-D sketch in Marr's model?
It allows recognition of objects from different angles
What is the purpose of the 2.5-D sketch in Marr's model?
To show the layout and surfaces of the object
What is the primary function of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?
To process information from the retina and send it to the primary visual cortex
What is the main difference between the ventral and dorsal pathways?
The ventral pathway is responsible for processing 'what' information, while the dorsal pathway is responsible for processing 'where' information
What is the name of the theory that proposes that the retina has three types of color receptors, each sensitive to one of three primary colors?
Trichromatic Theory
What is the function of the striate cortex?
To filter information to highlight edges and shapes
What is the name of the area that includes specialized areas for face recognition and identification of the human body and body parts?
Inferior temporal cortex
What is the term for the process by which the brain uses the difference between the images in the two eyes to determine depth?
Retinal disparity
What is the name of the area that is connected to the primary visual cortex and processes similar features as V1, but also more complicated ones?
V2
What is the percentage of Americans who are red-green colorblind?
8%
What is the term for the response of color-sensitive receptor cells to pairs of primary colors?
Opponent-Process Theory
What is the name of the theory that proposes that the retina has three types of color receptors, and that color vision is based on the opposing responses of these receptors?
Opponent-Process Theory
Which of the following best explains why people make faster judgments about the characteristics of large mental images than of small mental images?
Because large mental images are closer to the original point of focus
What is the primary difference between the evidence in support of analog code and propositional code?
Analog code is concerned with pictorial representation, while propositional code is concerned with descriptive representation
What is the primary function of the primary visual cortex in visual imagery?
To activate about 70-90% of the same brain regions as visual perception
What is the primary challenge of reinterpretating ambiguous figures in a mental image?
Difficulty in identifying alternative interpretations of the figure
What is the primary similarity between the human visual system and neural networks?
Both are hierarchical in organization
What is the primary consequence of visual imagery interfering with visual perception?
Reduced visual processing speed
What is the primary function of the opponent-process cells in color processing?
To process the responses of red, green, and blue cones
In blindsight, what is the proposed pathway of visual perception?
From the superior colliculus to the emotional centers of the brain
Which cognitive style is associated with a propositional code of mental representation?
Verbalizers
What was the primary finding of the mental rotation experiments by Roger Shepard and Jacqueline Metzler?
That mental rotation tasks tap into ways of encoding information that are different from digital computers
What is the term for the way information is stored in a pictorial representation?
Analog code
What is the name of the rare neurological condition where people can perceive visual information despite damage to their visual cortex?
Blindsight
What is the primary function of the superior colliculus in the brain?
Visual processing
What is the term for the way information is stored in a descriptive representation?
Propositional code
What is the primary finding of the study by Stephen Kosslyn on mental imagery?
That mental imagery taps into analog forms of encoding
What is the primary difference between analog and propositional codes of mental representation?
The format of the information encoded
Explore the early models of visual perception and how they shifted from top-down analysis to understanding the brain's role. Learn about the contributions of Ungerleider and Mishkin in 1982 and their theory of two visual systems in the brain.
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