Questions and Answers
What did Aguinaldo express about the United States' role regarding Philippine independence?
What was Pratt's action that raised concerns among the U.S. government?
What was Dewey's position regarding assisting Aguinaldo?
What was Dewey's stance regarding his interaction with Filipino insurgents?
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Which of the following describes the American view on colonies during this period from Aguinaldo?
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What did Pratt claim about the telegrams he sent to Aguinaldo?
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What was the primary reason for American involvement in the Cuban Revolution?
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What was a notable factor in the interactions between Americans and Filipinos?
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What concern did Dela Costa express about Pratt's actions?
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What did Aguinaldo describe as sacred and expected to be fulfilled by the U.S.?
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What did Dewey express a desire to avoid?
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What did Dewey refrain from doing regarding Aguinaldo's requests?
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What was the Teller Amendment associated with?
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What did Aguinaldo hope for concerning the United States government's actions?
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In what way did Aguinaldo perceive the U.S. presence in the Philippines?
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What characterizes the frame of mind of the Filipinos during this period?
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What event prompted the United States to declare war against Spain?
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What was the outcome of the investigation into the sinking of the USS Maine?
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What tactic did Aguinaldo use upon his return to the Philippines?
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What role did the Mock Battle of August 13, 1898, play in the Spanish-American War?
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What was the result of the siege conducted by Aguinaldo's troops on Intramuros?
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Who took command of the Spanish forces after Gov. Gen. Augustin was replaced?
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What happened to the USS Olympia during the war?
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Which statement accurately describes the situation of the Spanish ships during the Battle of Manila Bay?
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What was the first payment amount agreed upon in the Treaty of Biak na Bato?
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What action did Aguinaldo and his men take after the failure of the truce?
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How was the P400,000 utilized by Aguinaldo?
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What did Consul Pratt assure Aguinaldo in their first meeting?
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What did Aguinaldo hope for regarding American involvement during the second meeting?
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What condition was attached to the payment of the second installment of P200,000?
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What was the additional payment amount to civilians affected by conflict?
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Who was entrusted with the safe-keeping of the invested funds?
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What was a significant reason for the failure of the truce of Biak na Bato?
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What form of government did Aguinaldo establish in Hong Kong after the truce?
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Study Notes
The Truce of Biak na Bato
- Major agreements included Aguinaldo and his men going into exile, and the payment of P800,000 to rebels in three installments.
- The first payment of P400,000 was made upon departure; second payment of P200,000 when arms surrendered exceeded 700; final P200,000 given after a Te Deum and general amnesty.
- An additional P900,000 was allocated for civilians affected by the conflict.
Failure of the Truce
- Trust issues persisted between Aguinaldo and the Spanish authorities, leading to continued resistance.
- The agreement was broken, sparking renewed revolutionary fervor.
Aguinaldo and Revolutionary Leaders in Hong Kong
- Established a government-in-exile called the Supreme Council of Representatives of the People, known as the Hong Kong Junta.
- Aguinaldo entrusted with the management of funds received from the truce.
Use of the P400,000
- Money was invested in banks (HSBC and Chartered Bank of Australia, India and China) for safety and future use.
- Funded the living expenses of exiles and intended as capital for future insurrections.
Initial Contact with Americans (1898-1899)
- Aguinaldo and Consul Pratt discussed the broken Biak na Bato agreement, asserting the Filipinos' right to continue the revolution.
- Pratt provided assurances that the U.S. would support Filipino independence, though he lacked authority to formalize these statements.
Diplomatic Challenges
- American diplomatic communication suffered from language barriers and a lack of understanding among Filipinos regarding formal diplomatic practices.
- Filipinos were left with hopeful interpretations of American intentions, leading to challenges in negotiation.
The Cuban Revolution Context
- U.S. interest in Cuba's fight against Spain was fueled by economic reasons but initially involved limited military support.
- The publication of a derogatory letter by Spanish official Dupuy De Lome sparked public outrage in the U.S.
The Explosion of USS Maine
- The battleship Maine exploded on February 15, 1898, killing about 250 Americans, serving as a catalyst for U.S. intervention in Cuba and the Philippines.
- The subsequent investigation was inconclusive, yet it intensified calls for war against Spain.
Declaration of War
- The U.S. Congress declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898.
- Commodore Dewey led a naval squadron to the Philippines, entering Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, effectively without detection.
The Battle of Manila Bay
- The Spanish fleet was outnumbered and poorly armed, leading to a decisive American victory on May 1, 1898.
- The battle marked a significant point in the U.S. military's efforts to defeat Spanish colonial rule.
Aguinaldo's Return
- Aguinaldo secretly traveled to Singapore, motivated to return to the Philippines and revive the revolution.
- Upon returning to Hong Kong, he used funds to acquire arms and ammunition for Filipino forces.
Road to Aguinaldo's Return
- Aguinaldo returned to Manila on May 19, aboard the U.S. warship McCulloch.
- He promptly issued proclamations to galvanize support for continued resistance against Spanish rule.
The Siege of Manila
- U.S. forces blockaded Manila Bay to prevent Spanish reinforcements.
- Filipinos, led by Aguinaldo, surrounded Intramuros, halting supply lines to the Spanish stationed there.
The Spanish-American Secret Agreement
- Dewey attempted negotiations with Spanish Governor-General Augustin; his replacement was General Jaudines, who recognized an untenable Spanish position.
- Underlying tensions led to plans for a mock battle to convey a façade of American military action.
The Mock Battle
- A staged engagement on August 13, 1898, where U.S. forces attacked without Filipino assistance, created an illusion of a robust military operation.
- Manila was formally surrendered to American authorities on August 14, 1898, following the mock battle.
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Description
This quiz explores the significant agreements made during the Truce of Biak-na-Bato, a crucial event in Philippine history. Learn about the terms agreed upon by Aguinaldo and Primo de Rivera, including the details of financial reparations and exiles of revolutionary leaders. Test your knowledge on this pivotal chapter of the Philippine Revolution.
