The Tripoli Agreement and the Moro Conflict

Writ of Amparo and Writ of Habeas Data

• Petitioners seek court protection against threats to their lives, liberty, and security through a Writ of Amparo.
• They also want the government to disclose and destroy files or records gathered against them through a Writ of Habeas Data.
• A Writ of Amparo is a legal remedy seeking a protection order, while a Writ of Habeas Data asks the Court to compel the respondent to delete or destroy damaging information.

Permissible Interference

• The right is not violated when the interference is made upon lawful order of the court or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.

Freedom of Expression

• Implies the right to freely utter and publish without previous restraint, and to be protected against any responsibility for doing so as long as it does not violate the law, or injure someone’s character, reputation, or business.

Right of Assembly and Petition

• Means the right of citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs.
• Means the right of any person or group to apply, without fear of penalty, to the appropriate branch or office of the government for redress of grievances.

Peace Education

• Deals with key elements of individual and group identity formed by historical and cultural heritage.
• Balances the values of both and tries to teach people how to enjoy their own rights without endangering the rights of others.
• Teaches people how to advocate for the rights of others when such rights are threatened.

Conflict and Peace Education

• Conflict is a part of life, and its nature is neither good nor bad.
• Conflict can be resolved positively by recognizing the problem and recognizing one's own needs and interests and also acknowledging the needs of the opposing sides.
• Constructive nonviolent conflict resolutions are possible.
• Conflict includes potential for change, and peace education addresses the issues of conflict and conflict resolution by teaching students how to take creative approaches to conflict and find different possibilities for conflict resolution.

Land Reform Programs

• President Manuel Quezon laid down a social justice program focused on the purchase of haciendas, which were to be divided and sold to tenants.
• President Manuel Roxas established Republic Act No. 34 to establish a 70–30 sharing arrangement between tenant and landlord, respectively.
• President Elpidio Quirino established the Land Settlement Development Corporation to accelerate and expand the resettlement program for peasants.
• President Ramon Magsaysay established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to accelerate the government’s resettlement program and distribution of agricultural lands to landless tenants and farmers.
• President Diosdado Macapagal abolished share tenancy in the Philippines and prescribed a program to convert tenant-farmers to lessees and later on owner-cultivators through Republic Act No. 3844.
• President Ferdinand Marcos placed the entire Philippines under a land reform area through Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 2.

Peace Talks and Agreements

• The Tripoli Agreement in 1976 provided for ceasefire arrangements and terms of the peace settlement, as well as autonomy for 13 provinces in Mindanao.
• The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) was created in 1977 as a breakaway faction from the MNLF.
• The Jeddah Accord in 1987 was signed, but the MNLF disputed the creation of the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).
• The Final Peace Agreement (FPA) in 1996 created the Southern Philippine Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD) as a provisional autonomous government of the ARMM.

Land Registration

• The Land Registration Act of 1902 or Act No. 496 placed all private and public lands under the Torrens system.
• The Cadastral Act or Act No. 2259 speeds up the issuance of Torrens titles.
• The Homestead Program in 1903 allowed a tenant to enter into agribusiness by acquiring a farm of at least 16 hectares.