The Thirty Years' War and Europe
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Questions and Answers

What was one of the outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia?

  • France and Sweden lost territory.
  • Spain gained more territory.
  • Countries built larger standing armies. (correct)
  • The Holy Roman Emperor regained full power.

    • The Peace of Westphalia allowed for greater freedom of religion among the people in the Holy Roman Empire.

    True

    What percentage of Germany’s population was killed due to the Thirty Years’ War?

    ⅓

    The Thirty Years' War primarily began as a war over __________.

    <p>religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries/regions with their outcomes from the Peace of Westphalia:

    <p>France = Gained territory Sweden = Gained territory Spain = Lost territory Holy Roman Empire = Emperor became a figurehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change regarding military strategy did countries adopt after the Thirty Years War?

    <p>Increased the number of standing armies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Battles during the Thirty Years War mainly took place in France.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason the Thirty Years War transitioned from a religious war to a power struggle?

    <p>The changing reasons for war and the need to maintain a balance of power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as 'The Merry Monarch'?

    <p>Charles the Second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    James the Second was a Catholic ruler who faced little opposition during his reign.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event is referred to as 'The Glorious Revolt'?

    <p>The peaceful transition of power from James the Second to William and Mary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the fall of the Stuart Dynasty, the __________ Dynasty took over the English throne.

    <p>Hanover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following monarchs with their significant actions:

    <p>Charles the Second = Brought back partying and entertainment James the Second = Tried to grant religious freedom William and Mary = Accepted the English Bill of Rights Parliament = Limited the monarch's power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document limited the power of the king and queen and affirmed the basic rights of the people?

    <p>The English Bill of Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of the Prime Minister became significant during the Hanover Dynasty due to their lack of familiarity with English governance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change did England undergo as a result of the events discussed in the content?

    <p>Evolved into a limited constitutional monarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Louis XIV introduce to Europe regarding ruling?

    <p>Absolutism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis XIV justified his absolute rule by claiming he had the 'Divine Right of Kings'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Palace built by Louis XIV called?

    <p>Versailles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis XIV referred to himself as the __________ King.

    <p>Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Edict of Nantes = Allowed Huguenots to practice their religion Edict of Fontainebleau = Canceled the Edict of Nantes The War of Spanish Succession = A war triggered by the death of the last Spanish Habsburg king Jean-Baptiste Colbert = Louis XIV's wise financial advisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors was NOT necessary for Louis XIV's absolutism?

    <p>Establishing a parliamentary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Great Council?

    <p>Oversee the king's power and approve taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis XIV's rule lasted for approximately 72 years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The House of Lords is elected by the people.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the War of the Spanish Succession?

    <p>Louis XIV's grandson was next in line to inherit the Spanish throne.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Mary, Queen of Scots?

    <p>A distant cousin of Elizabeth I who threatened her rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis XIV believed that 'the state is __________.'

    <p>me</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Spanish _____ was a powerful naval fleet sent to attack England.

    <p>Armada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their roles:

    <p>Louis XIV = Absolute monarch Marquis de Louvois = War minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert = Finance minister Huguenots = French Protestants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the consequences of Louis XIV's wars?

    <p>France lost a significant amount of money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their roles:

    <p>Queen Elizabeth I = Managed England during a time of external threats Philip II = King of Spain who married Mary, Queen of Scots James I = First king of the Stuarts dynasty Guy Fawkes = Led the Gunpowder Plot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was established as a compromise in religion during Elizabeth's reign?

    <p>Elizabethan religious settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Edict of Fontainebleau promoted religious diversity in France.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parliament has always maintained the same level of power in England.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What title is Louis XIV commonly known by?

    <p>The Sun King</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main conflict faced by James I in England regarding religion?

    <p>A conflict between Catholics, Puritans, and Anglicans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis XIV made the nobles __________ on him for their wealth and power.

    <p>dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Great Council eventually evolved into what is known today as _____ in England.

    <p>Parliament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following houses of Parliament with their characteristics:

    <p>House of Lords = Members are born into their position House of Commons = Elected by the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Queen Elizabeth I do to manage Parliament's influence?

    <p>Called them into session only when needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    James I was well-known for his ability to manage Parliament like Elizabeth I did.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Gunpowder Plot?

    <p>A failed attempt by Catholics to blow up the Houses of Parliament in 1605.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ruling family after Elizabeth I was known as the _____ dynasty.

    <p>Stuart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of government did the Dutch Republic have?

    <p>Constitutionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dutch Republic was dominated by a single religious group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant document was signed in England in 1215?

    <p>Magna Carta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dutch Republic is known for its _____ paintings, which showcase scenes of everyday life.

    <p>genre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the artists with their notable work.

    <p>Rembrandt = Portraits Vermeer = Interior scenes Ruisdael = Landscapes Still-life painters = Object representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the Dutch Republic's treatment of religious minorities?

    <p>They welcomed many refugees from other countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calvinism promoted abundance of artwork in public spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the painting genres that became popular during the Dutch Golden Age.

    <p>Landscape, Genre, or Still-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The leader of England, who signed the Magna Carta, was King _____.

    <p>John</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Dutch Republic?

    <p>A monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dutch Golden Age is characterized solely by the wealth generated from trade.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason that attracted thinkers and philosophers to the Dutch Republic?

    <p>Freedom to explore new ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dutch Republic had colonies and an empire, which made them dominant in _____.

    <p>trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a focus of art during the Dutch Golden Age?

    <p>Still-life compositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the plot that involved gunpowder?

    <p>To assassinate King James and blow up the Parliament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    King James was well-liked by the Catholics in England.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Charles I do that angered Parliament regarding taxes?

    <p>He collected taxes without their approval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charles I married a Catholic princess, which angered the __________.

    <p>Puritans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side in the English Civil War supported the king?

    <p>Cavaliers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads during the English Civil War.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fate of Charles I after being found guilty of treason?

    <p>He was beheaded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the execution of Charles I, England was declared a __________.

    <p>Commonwealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term to its correct description:

    <p>Cavaliers = Supporters of the king in the English Civil War Roundheads = Supporters of Parliament The New Model Army = Cromwell’s disciplined military force The Lord Protector = Cromwell’s title after the monarchy ended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the strict regulations imposed by Cromwell on society?

    <p>Prohibition of music and dance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cromwell's son was able to maintain his father's strict rules easily.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major issue did Charles attempt to address by recalling Parliament?

    <p>Funding for the war against the Scots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of Parliament, under Cromwell, were required to be __________ in order to participate.

    <p>Puritan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical belief did James I uphold that created tension with Parliament?

    <p>Divine right of kings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The House of Commons assumed all power after the execution of Charles I.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Thirty Years' War and its Aftermath

    • The Peace of Westphalia (also called the Peace of Exhaustion) was signed in 1648 to end the war.
    • France and Sweden gained territory, while Spain lost territory.
    • German princes gained independence, diminishing the Holy Roman Emperor's power.
    • Religious freedom increased, allowing states to choose their religion (Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist).
    • Germany suffered widespread agricultural devastation and population loss (⅓).

    Impact on Europe

    • European powers increased their standing armies, weapons, and ammunition in preparation for future wars.
    • Motivations for war shifted from religious conflicts to power struggles.
    • European countries sought to prevent any single power from becoming too dominant.
    • Religious diversity became permanent, weakening the concept of a unified Christendom.

    Louis XIV and Absolutism

    • Louis XIV, a French King, embodied absolutism, a system of unrestrained royal power.
    • Key components of absolutism included: centralizing power, controlling nobles, developing a bureaucracy, improving taxation, and establishing a strong army.
    • Louis XIV justified his absolute rule through the "Divine Right of Kings" (God-given authority).
    • He declared "L'état c'est moi" ("The state is me"), implying the absolute fusion of his person and France.

    Palace of Versailles

    • Versailles, a palace 12 miles outside Paris, became the center of French power.
    • Louis XIV compelled nobles to reside at Versailles to maintain control over their activities and wealth.
    • Versailles served as a symbol of Louis XIV's power and grandeur.

    Religious Policies

    • The Edict of Nantes (a previous decree) allowed Huguenots (French Protestants) religious freedom.
    • The Edict of Fontainebleau revoked the Edict of Nantes, effectively banning Protestantism in France.

    Louis XIV's Wars and Legacy

    • Louis XIV embarked on numerous wars to increase France's power and prestige.
    • The War of the Spanish Succession was his final major conflict.
    • The conflicts led to significant financial strain on France.
    • By the end of his reign, despite remaining the richest country in Europe, France confronted internal problems (famine and high taxes).

    The Dutch Republic

    • The Dutch Republic emerged from the revolt against Spanish rule in the northern provinces.
    • The Dutch adopted constitutionalism, limiting the power of its leaders and establishing a central government.
    • It fostered commerce and trade, creating a large trading empire.

    The Dutch Golden Age

    • The Dutch Republic featured religious tolerance, attracting religious refugees.
    • Science and philosophy flourished, leading to intellectual advancements.
    • The artistic achievements of this period are known as the Dutch Golden Age, characterized by:
      • Landscape paintings.
      • Genre paintings (scenes of daily life).
      • Still-life paintings.

    England

    • England differed from other European monarchies by its limited monarchy (limited power of the king/queen.)
    • The Magna Carta in 1215 established limitations on the king's authority.
    • The evolution of Parliament (a Great Council) played a crucial role in limiting the power of the king.

    Queen Elizabeth I

    • Queen Elizabeth I effectively managed the balance of power between herself and Parliament.
    • She suppressed external threats (like Mary, Queen of Scots and the Spanish Armada).
    • Elizabeth maintained religious stability through the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.

    The Stuart Dynasty

    • James I (James VI of Scotland) ascended the English throne, unifying Scotland and England under one monarchy, marking the start of the Stuart Dynasty.
    • The Gunpowder Plot, a Catholic attempt to assassinate King James I, highlighted religious tensions.
    • James I and later Charles I faced conflicts with Parliament over taxation and power.

    Charles I

    • Charles I's rule led to escalating conflict with Parliament.
    • He dissolved Parliament multiple times, exacerbating issues and leading to civil war.
    • The English Civil War pitted the king's supporters (Cavaliers) against Parliament's supporters (Roundheads).
    • Oliver Cromwell, leader of the New Model Army, emerged victorious and executed Charles I, establishing a Commonwealth and English Republic.

    The Commonwealth Under Cromwell

    • Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector of England, creating a Puritan-led republic.
    • Cromwell's dictatorial policies led to popular discontent.
    • On Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored.

    The Restoration

    • Charles II, son of Charles I, became king in the Restoration, ushering in an era of "Merry Monarch."

    James II

    • James II, Charles II's brother, sparked renewed conflicts with Parliament over religious tolerance.
    • The Glorious Revolution deposed James II, ushering in William and Mary.

    William and Mary

    • William of Orange and Mary II accepted the English Bill of Rights, further limiting the monarchy's power.

    The Hanover Dynasty

    • The Hanover dynasty, a German house, assumed the British throne.
    • The increased role of Parliament led to the emergence of the Prime Minister.
    • England transitioned toward a limited constitutional monarchy.

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    Description

    Explore the impact of the Thirty Years' War on Europe, including the Peace of Westphalia and the rise of absolutism under Louis XIV. Understand how religious conflict shifted to power struggles among European nations. Analyze the territorial changes and the consequences for German states and the Holy Roman Empire.

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