The Thermodynamics of Water-Ice Transformation

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According to the first law of thermodynamics, the change in internal energy of a system during a transformation is equal to

$Q - W$

$Q \div W$

$Q \cdot W$

$Q + W$ (correct)

Which of the following is true about exothermic reactions?

They have no change in heat

They release heat (correct)

They absorb heat

They convert heat into work

What is the term used to describe the energy stored in certain biological molecules, such as ATP?

Mechanical energy

Thermal energy

Chemical energy (correct)

Electrical energy

Which process converts sunlight into chemical energy?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes bioenergetics?

The study of energy transformations in living organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be converted from one form to another Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of energy transduction?

Wind turbines converting mechanical energy to electrical energy Signup and view all the answers

What do thermodynamic measurements help determine?

The direction of events and the need for energy input Signup and view all the answers

According to the first and second laws of thermodynamics, what happens to the entropy as the energy of the universe remains constant?

The entropy increases Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation $delta G = delta H - T delta S$ represent?

The change in free energy Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative value of $delta G$ indicate?

The process is thermodynamically favorable Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a positive value of $delta G$?

The process is not spontaneous Signup and view all the answers

According to the second law of thermodynamics, events tend to proceed from a state of higher energy to a state of lower energy. This is because

lower energy states are more stable Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between entropy and the random movements of particles of matter?

Entropy is associated with the increase in disorder Signup and view all the answers

When a sugar cube dissolves in a cup of hot water, what happens to the entropy of the system?

The entropy of the system increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the availability of energy and the randomness of the universe?

As the randomness of the universe increases, the availability of energy decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the equilibrium constant, Keq?

Keq can be greater than or less than 1 Signup and view all the answers

What does the dissociation constant, Kd, measure?

The tendency of two molecules to stick together Signup and view all the answers

In which direction will a reaction proceed if Keq is greater than 1?

Forward Signup and view all the answers

What is the equilibrium constant, Keq, for the reaction A + B -> C + D?

[A] + [B] / [C] + [D] Signup and view all the answers

Which illustration in Figure 3.3 depicts an increase in the entropy of the universe?

Illustration B Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the entropy of the system when a sugar cube dissolves in a solution?

The entropy of the system increases Signup and view all the answers

How can the entropy of an organism decrease?

By increasing the entropy of its environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between information content and entropy in macromolecules?

Macromolecules with high information content have low entropy Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is true about the ratio of reactants to products at equilibrium?

The ratio is determined by the relative free-energy levels of the reactants and products. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the total free energy of the reactants is greater than the total free energy of the products?

The reaction proceeds in the direction of formation of products. Signup and view all the answers

What happens as the reaction proceeds?

The difference in free-energy content between the reactants and products decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What happens at equilibrium?

The difference in free-energy content between the reactants and products is zero. Signup and view all the answers

Why is not a useful term when comparing the energetics of various reactions?

because it depends on the reaction mixture present at a given time. Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions is the free-energy change of a biochemical reaction considered?

298 K and 1 atm of pressure Signup and view all the answers