The Theory of Errors

Observations = Measurements made by surveyors Errors = Inaccuracies or mistakes in observations Instruments and procedures = Tools and methods used to reduce error sizes Acceptability = The level of errors in observations that can be tolerated

Surveyors = Making good observations, understanding different kinds of errors, and assessing the magnitudes of errors Geomatics engineers = Performing work to exacting standards and selecting instruments and procedures to reduce error sizes Mechanical equipment = Used by surveyors to make observations Google Translate = Machine translation used to translate the text

Combination = Merging of human skill and mechanical equipment for making observations Propagation = Spread or transmission of errors Tolerable limits = The maximum level of errors that can be accepted Measurement syst = Design of a system used for making measurements

'Making observations (measurements), and subsequent calculations and analyzes using them, are fundamental tasks of surveyors' = Introduction to the importance of observations for surveyors 'no matter how carefully made, observations are never exact and will always contain errors' = Recognition of the inherent inexactness of observations 'Surveyors (geomatics engineers), whose work must be performed to exacting standards' = Reference to the high standards required for surveyors 'The design of measurement syst' = Incomplete statement about the design of measurement systems

'thoroughly under-stand the different kinds of errors' = Importance of understanding errors for surveyors 'reduce error sizes to within tolerable limits' = Objective of selecting instruments and procedures 'magnitudes of errors in their observations' = Assessment of the level of errors in observations 'new ones made' = Action to be taken if errors in observations are not acceptable