270 Questions
Which phase of the gait cycle makes up the majority of the walking cycle?
Stance phase
What is the weight-loading period of the stance leg called?
Initial contact instant
What is the time interval between two consecutive initial contacts of the same foot called?
Gait cycle
Which descriptor of gait involves both time and space?
Walking speed
What is the period of double support during the gait cycle?
Load response and midstance instants
What is the weight-unloading period of the stance leg called?
Terminal stance and preswing instants
During the initial contact phase of the stance, the hip is flexed 30° to 49° and is medially rotated. What position is the ankle in at this instant?
Supinated
During the load response phase of the stance, what position is the ankle in?
Plantarflexed
During the midstance phase of the stance, what position is the ankle in?
Dorsiflexed
What is the maximum extension of the hip during the midstance phase of the stance?
10° to 15°
What is the position of the foot during the midstance phase of the stance?
Pronated
What is the position of the hindfoot during the midstance phase of the stance?
Inverted
Which of the following is a function of walking gait?
Supporting the head, arms, and trunk
What is the purpose of eccentric muscle action during walking?
To provide shock absorption and stability
At what age does the locomotion pattern tend to become more regular and stable?
7 years
What is involved in gait assessment or analysis?
All of the above
What is a period of time during running when neither foot is in contact with the ground called?
Double float
What is the purpose of concentric muscle contraction during walking?
To generate mechanical energy
Which phase of gait allows the toes of the swing leg to clear the floor and also allows for leg length adjustments?
Midswing
During the swing phase of gait, what muscle actions are required for normal gait?
Quadriceps and hamstring muscle actions
What is the normal range of hip flexion in walking?
40° to 45°
What is the percentage of the gait cycle that the double-leg stance phase represents?
25%
What is the normal base width, which is the distance between the two feet?
8 to 10 cm
What is step length, or gait length?
The distance between successive contact points on opposite feet
Which of the following is true about stride length?
Stride length is the distance between successive points of foot-to-floor contact of the same foot.
What is the purpose of lateral pelvic shift during walking?
To center the weight of the body over the stance leg for balance.
What is the normal range of vertical pelvic shift during walking?
2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches)
What is the purpose of pelvic rotation during walking?
To lessen the angle of the femur with the floor and decrease the center-of-gravity dip.
What is the normal range of pelvic rotation during walking?
8°
What is the normal cadence of walking?
Between 90 and 120 steps per minute
During the initial contact phase of the stance, what position is the ankle in at this instant?
Dorsiflexed
What is the position of the hindfoot during the midstance phase of the stance?
Inverted
During the load response phase of the stance, what position is the ankle in?
Plantarflexed
What is the purpose of eccentric muscle action during walking?
To absorb shock
What is the weight-unloading period of the stance leg called?
Terminal stance
What is the normal range of pelvic rotation during walking?
10° to 15°
Which phase of the gait cycle makes up the majority of the walking cycle?
Stance phase
What is the normal range of vertical pelvic shift during walking?
1-2 inches
What is the normal range of hip flexion in walking?
20-30 degrees
What is the normal range of pelvic rotation during walking?
20-25 degrees
What is the position of the foot during the midstance phase of the stance?
Plantarflexion
What is the purpose of concentric muscle contraction during walking?
To propel the body forward
During normal gait, what occurs during the acceleration subphase of the swing phase?
Rapid knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion
What is the percentage of the gait cycle that the swing phase makes up?
40%
What occurs during the midswing instant of the swing phase?
The swing leg is adjacent to the weight-bearing leg
During running or with increased velocity, what happens to the stance phase and the double support phase?
The stance phase remains the same and the double support phase disappears
What is the normal base width, which is the distance between the two feet?
8 to 10 cm
What is the normal step length, or gait length?
72 cm (28 inches)
What is the normal range of stride length during walking?
144-169 cm
What is the normal range of lateral pelvic shift during walking?
2.5-5 cm
What is the normal range of vertical pelvic shift during walking?
1-3 cm
What is the total range of pelvic rotation during walking?
8°
What is the normal position of the center of gravity in the standing position?
5 cm anterior to the second sacral vertebra
What is the normal cadence of walking?
90-120 steps per minute
During walking, what is the purpose of the double float period?
To control the foot and clear obstacles
What is the main function of walking gait?
To support the head, arms, and trunk
What is the purpose of eccentric muscle action during walking?
To provide shock absorption and stability
What is the position of the ankle during the midstance phase of the stance?
Plantarflexion
What is the normal range of hip flexion in walking?
40-50 degrees
At what age does the locomotion pattern tend to become more regular and stable?
5-6 years
What is the position of the ankle during the midstance phase of the stance?
Plantar flexed
What is the position of the tibia during the initial contact phase of the stance?
Laterally rotated
What is the position of the hindfoot during the load response phase of the stance?
Inverted
What is the position of the hip during the midstance phase of the stance?
Extended
What is the position of the knee during the load response phase of the stance?
Flexed
What is the position of the ankle during the initial contact phase of the stance?
Dorsiflexed
During the swing phase of gait, what percentage of the gait cycle does it make up?
40%
What occurs during the midswing instant of the swing phase?
The swing leg is adjacent to the weight-bearing leg.
What is the normal range of hip flexion in walking?
40° to 45°
What is the normal percentage of the gait cycle that the double-leg stance phase represents?
25%
What is the normal percentage of the gait cycle that the single-leg stance phase represents?
30%
What is the normal base width, which is the distance between the two feet?
8 to 10 cm
Which phase of the gait cycle is characterized by a period of time during which neither foot is in contact with the ground, known as 'double float'?
Swing phase
What is the purpose of eccentric muscle action during walking?
To control the foot and enable gentle heel or toe landing
At what age does the locomotion pattern tend to become more regular and stable?
7 years
What is the primary purpose of gait assessment or analysis?
To develop necessary skills for clinicians
What are the main functional tasks involved in gait?
Forward progression, balancing on one limb, and support of the upright body
What is the period of time between two consecutive initial contacts of the same foot called?
Stride length
Which phase of the gait cycle makes up the majority of the walking cycle?
Stance phase
What is the purpose of eccentric muscle action during walking?
To absorb shock
What is step length, or gait length?
The distance between two consecutive heel strikes of the same foot
What is the percentage of the gait cycle that the double-leg stance phase represents?
40%
During the swing phase of gait, what muscle actions are required for normal gait?
Concentric muscle contraction
During the initial contact phase of the stance, what position is the ankle in at this instant?
Dorsiflexion
Which of the following is true about stride length?
Stride length is the linear distance between successive points of foot-to-floor contact of the same foot.
What is the normal range of lateral pelvic shift during walking?
2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches)
What is the normal range of vertical pelvic shift during normal gait?
8 to 10 cm (4 to 5 inches)
What is the total amount of pelvic rotation during walking?
8°
What is the normal range of cadence during walking?
90 to 120 steps per minute
What is the normal gait speed during walking?
1.4 m/s (3 mph)
What is the main function of the quadriceps muscles during gait?
To control weight acceptance
Which muscles flex the knee and slow the leg in the swing phase of gait?
Hamstring muscles
What happens to the hip if the knee has a flexion deformity during gait?
It loses its extension power
What deviation from normal gait is seen in patients with patellofemoral syndrome?
Less knee flexion during the single-leg stance phase
What is the main function of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during gait?
To restrain the body's momentum during forward movement
What happens if there is a loss of plantar flexion during push off in gait?
Increased ankle dorsiflexion
During the terminal stance (heel off) phase of gait, what happens to the ankle?
The ankle is plantar flexed.
What position is the pelvis initially in during the terminal stance (heel off) phase of gait?
Posteriorly rotated
What happens to the forefoot during the terminal stance (heel off) phase of gait?
The forefoot moves from inversion to eversion.
What is the critical event that occurs at the ankle during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Ankle plantar flexion
What position is the hip in during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Flexed and medially rotated
What pathology involving the great toe can cause pain during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Hallux rigidus
What is the primary purpose of the swing phase of gait?
To dissipate stresses on the limb
What are the three instants composing the swing phase of gait, in order of occurrence?
Initial Swing, Midswing, Terminal Swing
During the initial swing subphase, what movements occur at the hip and knee?
Flexion and medial rotation of the hip, flexion of the knee
What position is the ankle in during the midswing instant?
Dorsiflexion
What muscles contract during the terminal swing phase to slow the swing?
Hamstring muscles
What is the function of the hip during the stance phase of gait?
To extend the leg
During gait analysis, the examiner should observe the patient's gait from which of the following perspectives?
Front, back, and side
Which of the following is NOT a factor that the examiner should observe during gait analysis?
Time of swing
What is the purpose of observing the upper limbs and trunk during gait analysis?
To assess the patient's balance
What is the purpose of using a gait analysis chart during observation?
To record deviations from normal gait
What is the purpose of observing the patient's gait at slow and fast speeds?
To assess the patient's walking speed
What is the purpose of observing the patient's gait from proximal to distal?
To observe joint movements
What should the examiner note during the gait cycle when observing from the lateral view?
Rotation of the shoulder and thorax
What may cause a forward trunk lean during walking?
Pathology of the hip, knee or ankle
What movements can be observed from the lateral aspect during gait observation?
All of the above
What compensation may occur by the lumbar spine for limitation of movement in the hip?
Swayback posture
What should the examiner note about the coordination of movement between the hip, knee, and ankle during the gait cycle?
All of the above
What occurs during the initial swing phase of the gait cycle?
Ankle plantar flexes and hip and knee are maximally flexed
During the swing phase of gait, the foot is
Not fixed on the ground
Which muscles contract during the terminal swing phase of gait to slow down the swing?
Hamstring muscles
What is the primary function of the hip during the stance phase of gait?
Extend the leg
What position is the ankle in during the midswing phase of gait?
Plantar flexed
What happens to the knee during the first three instants of the stance phase of gait?
Flexion
What is the role of the gluteus maximus muscles in gait?
Slow extension
During the terminal stance (heel off) phase of gait, what happens to the ankle?
The ankle moves from inversion to eversion.
What occurs during the initial swing phase of the gait cycle?
The knee flexes.
What is the purpose of plantar flexion during the terminal stance (heel off) phase of gait?
To smooth the pathway of the center of gravity.
What can cause pain during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
All of the above.
What compensatory movement may occur if there is pain in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Pushing off on the lateral aspect of the foot.
What can cause absence of push off during gait?
Weak plantar flexors.
What is the purpose of the hamstring muscles during the swing phase of gait?
To slow the leg
What happens to the hip if the knee has a flexion deformity?
It loses its extension power
What deviation from normal gait is seen in patients with patellofemoral syndrome?
Increased knee flexion during single-leg stance phase
What happens if there is excessive compensating medial rotation of the femur on heel strike to foot flat during gait?
It causes excessive pronation
What percentage of their maximum voluntary contraction do the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles use during normal walking?
85%
What happens if there is loss of plantar flexion at initial contact of the foot during gait?
Inability to transfer weight to the anterior foot
What is the purpose of observing the patient's gait from different angles?
To identify any abnormalities in the patient's gait
What is the role of the trunk and upper limbs during walking?
They rotate in the opposite direction as the pelvis
What is the purpose of using a gait analysis chart during observation?
To identify deviations from normal gait
What is the significance of observing the patient's gait at slow and fast speeds?
To observe changes in the patient's gait
What is the purpose of observing the patient's gait with and without shoes?
To observe any changes in the patient's gait with different shoes
Why is it important to observe the patient's gait from proximal to distal?
To identify any abnormalities in the patient's gait
What should the examiner note when observing the gait cycle from the lateral view?
Rotation of the shoulder and thorax
What is a possible cause of a forward trunk lean during walking?
Pathology of the hip, knee, or ankle
What movements should the examiner observe from the lateral view during gait analysis?
Flexion/extension at the hip, flexion/extension at the knee, and dorsiflexion/plantar flexion at the ankle
What should the examiner note when observing the gait cycle from the lateral view?
Step length, stride length, cadence, and the other time dimensions of gait
What should the examiner note when observing the gait cycle from the lateral view?
Interactions between the walking surface and the various body parts
What should the examiner note when observing the gait cycle from the lateral view?
Compensation by the lumbar spine for limitation of movement in the hip
What is the position of the ankle during the terminal stance (heel off) phase of gait?
Plantar flexion
What is the primary movement of the forefoot during the terminal stance (heel off) phase of gait?
Eversion
What is the primary movement of the trunk during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Posterior rotation
What is the primary movement of the hip during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Extension
What is the primary movement of the knee during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Flexion
What is the primary movement of the ankle during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Plantar flexion
What is the primary function of the hip during the swing phase of gait?
To flex the leg
What is the position of the ankle during the midswing phase of gait?
Dorsiflexed
What muscles contract to allow the foot to clear the ground during the initial swing subphase?
Ankle dorsiflexors
What is the position of the forefoot during the terminal swing phase of gait?
Supinated
What muscles contract during the terminal swing phase to slow the swing?
Hip extensors
What is the purpose of the knee during the first three instants of the stance phase of gait?
To absorb shock
During normal gait, the quadriceps muscles use only 4% to 5% of their maximum voluntary contraction to extend the knee. What is the main role of the quadriceps muscles in extending the knee?
To control weight acceptance
Which muscles flex the knee and slow the leg in the swing phase of gait?
Hamstring muscles
What happens to the hip if the knee has a flexion deformity during gait?
The hip will lose its extension power
What happens to the knee during the single-leg stance phase in patients with patellofemoral syndrome?
Increased knee flexion
What is the main function of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during gait?
To restrain the body's momentum during forward movement
What happens if there is excessive compensating medial rotation of the femur on heel strike to foot flat during gait?
Excessive pronation
What should the examiner note during gait analysis from the lateral view?
All of the above
What does a forward trunk lean during walking may indicate?
All of the above
What should the examiner observe during gait analysis from the lateral aspect?
All of the above
What should the examiner note during gait analysis from the lateral view?
All of the above
What should the examiner observe during gait analysis from the lateral aspect?
All of the above
What should the examiner note during gait analysis from the lateral view?
All of the above
What is the purpose of observing the patient's gait from the front, behind, and the side?
To assess the patient's balance and coordination during walking
What is the role of the trunk and upper extremities during walking?
To provide a balancing effect and smooth forward progression of the body
What is the purpose of using a gait analysis chart during observation?
To determine deviations from normal gait and their effect on walking
What is the recommended attire for female patients during gait assessment?
Bra and briefs
What is the recommended attire for male patients during gait assessment?
Shorts
What is the recommended footwear for gait assessment?
Same shoes for each test
During gait analysis from the posterior view, the examiner can observe all of the following EXCEPT
Lateral displacement of the body segments
Which of the following is easier to observe during gait analysis from the posterior view?
Hip movement
What can the examiner note during gait analysis from the posterior view regarding heel rise?
All of the above
What should the examiner observe during gait analysis from the posterior view regarding the musculature of the back?
Lateral movement
What should the examiner observe regarding the patient's footwear during gait analysis?
Condition of the shoe uppers
What should the examiner examine the patient's feet for during gait analysis?
All of the above
Which of the following gait pathologies is characterized by a 'waddling' gait due to weakness of the hip and upper thigh muscles?
Trendelenburg gait
What is the most common cause of a Trendelenburg gait?
Bilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip
During walking, in which phase does the non-stance leg (i.e., pelvis) drop, leading to the appearance of a 'waddling' gait?
Swing phase
What is the term for the increased curvature of the lower back that accompanies a 'waddling' gait?
Hyperlordosis
Which of the following gait pathologies is characterized by a bilateral Trendelenburg sign?
Waddling gait
What is the term for the phase in which the deviation of a waddling gait occurs?
Swing phase
What is the term for a gait characterized by shuffling or short rapid steps, with flexed neck, trunk, and knees?
Parkinsonian Gait
What is the term for a gait characterized by lateral shift to the affected side and pelvis tilting down on the affected side?
Short Leg Gait
What is the term for a gait characterized by weak or paralyzed dorsiflexor muscles, resulting in a drop foot?
Steppage or Drop-Foot Gait
What is the term for a gait characterized by spastic paralysis of the hip adductor muscles, causing the knees to be drawn together?
Scissors Gait
What is the term for a gait characterized by quadriceps weakness resulting in knee hyperextension during early stance phase?
Knee Hyperextension Gait
What is the term for a gait characterized by waddling gait with increased lateral displacement of the trunk?
Obesity Gait
What is the purpose of locomotion scales or grading systems in gait assessment?
To measure walking ability and safety
What is the purpose of the modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES)?
To measure walking confidence in older adults during everyday activities
What is the purpose of the Walking Safety Scale (Grille d’évaluation de la securité à la marche [GEM])?
To measure walking ability and safety
What is the purpose of the Emory Functional Ambulation Profile?
To measure different tasks and surfaces for stroke patients and differentiate between those suffering from a stroke and normals
What is the purpose of the Gait Abnormality Scale (GARS-M)?
To measure walking ability and safety for elderly people at high risk for falling
What is the purpose of eTool 14.1?
To provide a locomotion scoring scale for rheumatoid arthritis
Which gait is characterized by a broad base and exaggerated movements due to poor sensation or lack of muscle coordination?
Ataxic Gait
What gait is seen in individuals with hip or knee stiffness, where the entire leg is lifted higher than normal to clear the ground?
Arthrogenic Gait
Which gait is characterized by a backward lurch of the trunk due to weak gluteus maximus muscle?
Gluteus Maximus Gait
What gait is exhibited when the hip abductor muscles are weak, resulting in excessive lateral list and a positive Trendelenburg sign?
Gluteus Medius (Trendelenburg) Gait
Which gait is seen in individuals with talipes equinovarus (club foot), characterized by a forefoot strike and premature plantar flexion in loading response?
Equinus Gait (Toe Walking)
What type of gait is exhibited when the patient thrusts the thorax posteriorly at heel strike to maintain hip extension of the stance leg?
Gluteus Maximus Gait
During gait analysis from the posterior view, what structures can the examiner observe?
All of the above
What can the examiner note during gait analysis from the posterior view regarding abnormal movements?
Both A and B
What can the examiner observe from the posterior view regarding the weight-unloading period of the gait cycle?
Both A and B
What can the examiner note during gait analysis from the posterior view regarding the movement of the spine and musculature?
Both A and B
What should the examiner observe regarding the patient's footwear during gait analysis?
Both A and B
What can different shoes modify during gait analysis?
Both A and B
What is the purpose of locomotion scales or grading systems in gait assessment?
To measure walking ability and safety
What is the purpose of the Emory Functional Ambulation Profile?
To measure walking ability and safety
What is the purpose of the Walking Safety Scale (GEM)?
To measure walking ability and safety
What is the purpose of the modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES)?
To measure walking confidence in older adults
What is the purpose of the Functional Gait Assessment?
To assess postural stability during gait
What is the purpose of the Performance Oriented Balance and Mobility Assessment (POMA)?
To determine primary causes of gait faults
Which gait is characterized by weakness of the hip and upper thigh muscles, leading to an unstable pelvis during standing and walking?
Waddling gait
What is the most common cause of the waddling gait?
Bilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip
What is the characteristic appearance of an individual with a waddling gait?
Appears to be waddling from side to side on a wide base
Which phase of gait does the waddling gait deviation occur?
Both standing and walking phases
What is the term used to describe the dropping of the non-stance leg (i.e., pelvis) on walking in individuals with a waddling gait?
Bilateral Trendelenburg sign
Which muscle weakness contributes to the development of a waddling gait?
Hip and upper thigh muscles
Which gait is characterized by a painful limp due to arthritis, where the individual lurches toward the affected side while the pelvis stays level or elevated on the contralateral side?
Coxalgic gait
What is the characteristic movement observed during the gait of a person with cerebellar ataxia?
All of the above
What is the primary movement of the hip during the stance phase of gait?
Extension
What is the characteristic movement observed during the gait of a person with gluteus maximus muscle weakness?
Backward lurch of the trunk
What is the characteristic movement observed during the gait of a person with gluteus medius muscle weakness?
Excessive lateral list
What is the characteristic movement observed during the gait of a person with ankle osteoarthritis?
Both increased swing time and decreased stance time
Which gait is characterized by shuffling or short rapid steps, with flexed neck, trunk, and knees, and stiffly held arms?
Parkinsonian Gait
Which gait is the result of quadriceps weakness resulting in knee hyperextension during early stance phase, often with a flat-foot initial contact?
Knee Hyperextension Gait
Which gait is described as a waddling gait with increased lateral displacement of the trunk and can include pelvic obliquity, hip circumduction, and lateral foot rotation?
Obesity Gait
Which gait is characterized by swinging the paraplegic leg outward and ahead in a circle or pushing it ahead, with the affected upper limb carried across the trunk for balance?
Hemiplegic or Hemiparetic Gait
Which gait is the result of spastic paralysis of the hip adductor muscles, causing the knees to be drawn together and requiring great effort to swing the legs forward?
Scissors Gait
Which gait is seen in patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, with difficulty in swing-through and exaggerated trunk and pelvic movement?
Psoatic Limp
During gait analysis from the posterior view, the examiner can observe all of the following EXCEPT
Lateral movement of the spine
What is the normal range of vertical pelvic shift during normal gait?
0-2 inches
What happens if there is excessive compensating medial rotation of the femur on heel strike to foot flat during gait?
Pelvic obliquity
What is the recommended footwear for gait assessment?
Bare feet
What is the primary movement of the knee during the preswing (toe off) phase of gait?
Flexion
What is the position of the ankle during the midstance phase of the stance?
Dorsiflexion
Which of the following is NOT a functional cause of leg length differences?
Muscle weakness
Which locomotion scoring scale was specifically developed for rheumatoid arthritis?
eTool 14.1
Which functional test is used to assess postural stability during gait in adults over 60 years of age?
Functional Gait Assessment
Which gait abnormality is characterized by a shorter step length on the uninvolved side, decreased walking velocity, and decreased cadence?
Antalgic gait
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of a forward trunk lean during walking?
Weak hip flexors
Which gait abnormality is characterized by lateral shift to the affected side and pelvis tilting down on the affected side?
Trendelenburg gait
Which of the following gait pathologies is characterized by a waddling gait with increased lateral displacement of the trunk?
Obesity Gait
Which gait is characterized by shuffling or short rapid steps and stiffly held arms?
Parkinsonian Gait
What gait is seen in patients with quadriceps weakness resulting in knee hyperextension during early stance phase?
Knee Hyperextension Gait
Which gait is characterized by swinging the paraplegic leg outward and ahead in a circle or pushing it ahead?
Hemiplegic or Hemiparetic Gait
What gait is seen in patients with spastic paralysis of the hip adductor muscles, causing the knees to be drawn together?
Scissors Gait
What gait is seen in patients with weak or paralyzed dorsiflexor muscles, resulting in a drop foot?
Steppage or Drop-Foot Gait
Which gait pathology is characterized by a backward lurch of the trunk during the stance phase of gait?
Gluteus Maximus Gait
What is the characteristic movement observed during the gait of a person with sensory ataxia?
All of the above
What is the gait pathology that results in excessive lateral list and a positive Trendelenburg sign?
Gluteus Medius (Trendelenburg) Gait
Which gait pathology is characterized by a wobbling gait with side-to-side movement?
Gluteus Medius (Trendelenburg) Gait
What is the gait pathology that results in hip flexion contracture and increased lumbar lordosis?
Arthrogenic Gait
What is the characteristic movement observed during the gait of a person with hip flexion contracture?
All of the above
What is the primary cause of a waddling gait?
Weakness of the hip and upper thigh muscles
What is the most common condition associated with a waddling gait?
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
What is the term used to describe the dropping of the non-stance leg (i.e., pelvis) on walking in individuals with a waddling gait?
Bilateral Trendelenburg sign
Which phase of the gait cycle does the deviation in a waddling gait occur?
Standing and walking
What is the role of the hip, knee, and ankle during the gait cycle in individuals with a waddling gait?
Coordination of movement
What is the main characteristic of a waddling gait?
Appearing to be "waddling" from side to side on a wide base
Test your knowledge on the swing phase of gait with this quiz. Learn about the subphases, leg length adjustments, and the role of the swing leg in advancing forward.
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