49 Questions
What angle of hip flexion was observed during mid-swing?
25-degree
At what angle was the knee flexed during mid-swing?
25-degree
What type of ankle movement was observed during mid-swing?
Plantarflexion
During mid-swing, at what angle was the ankle plantarflexed?
25-degree
What was observed during the assessment of the patient's gait?
Specific angles of hip, knee, and ankle movement
What happens in Spyndolythesis when a vertebra is above another vertebra?
It dislocates posteriorly
In Spyndolythesis, which vertebra dislocates posteriorly?
The vertebra above
What is the direction of dislocation in Spyndolythesis when a vertebra is below another vertebra?
Posterior
In Spyndolythesis, which of the following statements is true?
The vertebra above dislocates posteriorly
What is the direction of dislocation in Spyndolythesis when a vertebra is above another vertebra?
Posterior
What can occur on the arm or leg below the site of injury?
Changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling
Which of the following is a symptom of an injury?
Changes in skin color
What is a common symptom of an injury to the arm or leg?
Changes in skin color
What can happen to the arm or leg below the site of injury?
It may experience changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling
What symptom can occur on the arm or leg below the site of injury due to injury?
Changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling
What is the approximate range of motion of hip flexion when the knee is flexed?
115° to 125°
What is the normal extension of the hip beyond the midline?
10° to 15°
What is the primary function of the hamstrings during the gait cycle?
Knee flexion
When the knee is at its maximal amount of flexion during the gait cycle, which muscle is active concentrically?
Hamstrings
What is the primary function of the gluteus maximus during the gait cycle?
Hip extension
What is the primary function of postural control in the human body?
To maintain stability and orientation
What is the term that describes the ability to maintain the body in space?
Postural control
Which of the following is NOT a component of postural control?
Cognitive processing
What term describes the ability to maintain normal alignment of the head and body in space?
Postural control
What is the result of effective postural control?
Maintenance of stability and orientation
What type of exercise training is recommended for a patient with Parkinson's disease?
Isometric exercise training
A patient with hemiplegia has been referred for physical therapy. Which therapeutic technique is used to improve the patient's stability?
Placing and holding
A patient with drop foot due to S1-S2 injury is referred to physical therapy. What is the proper intervention to improve gait pattern?
Ankle foot orthosis
A patient with epilepsy is referred to the Outpatient Physical Therapy Clinic with Dupuytren's contracture. Which splint is used to prevent this contracture?
Hand splint
What is the appropriate Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) grade for knee extension if the patient is able to extend the knee against minimal resistance but not against maximal resistance?
Grade 2
Which muscle group is most likely to contribute to the development of lower back pain?
Hamstrings
What is another name for tuberculosis of the spine?
Pott's disease
What is the most likely form of osteomyelitis in a patient with pain, redness, and fever on the leg?
Acute
A patient with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is referred to physical therapy. What is the primary goal of ACL reconstruction rehabilitation?
To restore normal gait pattern
What is the name given to the fracture site labeled as '4' in the figure?
Intertrochanteric
What is the primary function of the gluteus maximus muscle during the gait cycle?
To extend the hip
What is the result of tightness of the low back muscle?
Lateral pelvic tilt and scoliosis
Which orthopedic test is suitable for evaluating the weakness of hip abductors?
Trendelenburg
Which nerve root is compressed in a patient with neck pain, nerve root compression, sensation changes over the middle finger, and weakness of triceps?
C7
Which area is affected by Volkmann's contracture?
Forearm flexor muscles
What is the most likely affected area in a patient with a burst fracture?
Vertebral
Which nerve is most likely to be affected in a posterior hip dislocation?
Sciatic
In which plane of motion would exercises to strengthen the shoulder flexor muscle be most effective?
Frontal
What is the primary goal of the physical therapy profession?
Secondary
Which posture is most likely to increase the spinal canal size in a patient with a narrowed spinal canal?
15-degree Flexion
Which muscle group is primarily responsible for the bridging exercise?
Hip extensors and spine extensors
What is the most likely grade of ankle sprain based on the patient's symptoms?
2
Which orthopedic test is most useful for differentiating intra-articular and extra-articular injuries?
Gapping
What is the primary function of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
Hip abduction
Study Notes
Gait Assessment
- During mid-swing, the physical therapist observed 25-degree hip flexion, 25-degree knee flexion, and 25-degree ankle plantarflexion.
- With the hip flexed and the knee flexed, the range of motion is approximately 115° to 125°.
- Beyond the midline, normal hip extension is 10° to 15°.
Muscle Activity During Gait Cycle
- When the knee is at its maximum flexion during the gait cycle, the following muscles are active concentrically: hamstrings, gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemius.
Spondylolisthesis
- Spondylolisthesis is a condition where a vertebra dislocates anteriorly or posteriorly in relation to the vertebra below it.
- Symptoms include changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling on the arm or leg below the site of injury.
Postural Control
- Postural control is the ability to maintain the body in space, achieving both stability and orientation.
- It is an involuntary movement response to stimuli that serves to maintain normal alignment of the head and body in space.
Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
- A 45-year-old patient with Parkinson's disease should undergo isometric exercise training to improve mobility.
Strengthening Exercises
- For a patient with weak elongated extensors and rigid flexors, strengthening of the weak elongated extensors and stretching of the rigid flexors is the best exercise program.
Improving Stability
- To improve stability in a patient who suffered a stroke, slow reversal hold is the recommended therapeutic technique.
Gait Training
- For a patient with drop foot due to S1-S2 injury, ankle foot orthosis is the proper intervention to improve the gait pattern.
Preventing Contracture
- A hand splint is used to prevent Dupuytren's contracture in a patient with epilepsy.
Tuberculosis of the Spine
- Pott's disease is another name for tuberculosis of the spine.
Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)
- If a patient can extend their knee against minimal resistance for the full range of motion but not against maximal resistance, the appropriate MMT grade is grade 3.
Volkmann's Contracture
- Volkmann's contracture affects the forearm flexor muscles.
Lower Back Pain
- Tightness of a group of muscles, particularly the tibialis anterior, predisposes to the development of lower back pain.
Burst Fracture
- A burst fracture is most likely to affect the vertebral area.
Osteomyelitis
- Brodies abscess is a type of chronic osteomyelitis.
Hip Fractures
- The fracture site labeled as "4" in the figure is classified as subtrochanteric.
Low Back Muscle Tightness
- Tightness of the low back muscle produces anterior tilt of the pelvis and lordosis.
Orthopedic Tests
- Ober's test is suitable for evaluating the weakness of hip abductors.
Nerve Root Compression
- Compression of the C7 nerve root can cause neck pain, nerve root compression, sensation changes over the middle finger, and weakness of triceps.
Posterior Hip Dislocation
- Posterior hip dislocation can cause nerve damage to the sciatic nerve.
Shoulder Flexor Exercises
- Exercises to strengthen the shoulder flexor muscle in standing should be done in the sagittal plane of motion.
Narrowed Spinal Canal
- A 15-degree flexion posture is recommended to increase the canal size in a patient with a narrowed spinal canal.
Bridging Exercise
- The muscle group working most in bridging exercise are hip extensors and spine extensors.
Physical Therapy Profession
- The primary aim of the physical therapy profession is secondary prevention.
Ankle Sprain
- A severe pain in the ankle following a twisting injury with little pain on rest, but severe pain on stress and palpation, is likely a grade 2 sprain.
Orthopedic Tests
- Gapping test is the most useful orthopedic test to differentiate intra-articular and extra-articular injury.
A physical therapist assesses a patient's gait and finds specific angles of hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle plantarflexion in mid-swing. Test your knowledge of physical therapy and gait analysis.
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