The Stress-Depression Link: Textbook 1

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What percentage of our enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities are attributed to genetic influence?

30% to 40%

10% to 20%

50% to 60% (correct)

70% to 80%

What is the range of heritability estimates for specific cognitive abilities, such as memory or ability to perceive spatial relations, in the study conducted by McClearn and colleagues?

40% to 60%

20% to 40%

10% to 30%

30% to 50% (correct)

What factors can overwhelm the influence of genes in determining cognitive abilities?

Genetic mutations

Psychological trauma

Environmental toxins

Adverse life events (correct)

Which of the following statements about gene dominance is true?

Gene dominance occurs when one member of a gene pair is consistently expressed over the other. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics are likely to be polygenic?

Height Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is determined by a single gene defect?

Phenylketonuria (PKU) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about genes and environmental factors is true?

Genes provide boundaries to our development, but environmental factors determine where we go within those boundaries. Signup and view all the answers

Which chromosomes determine an individual's sex?

The last pair of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA molecules that contain genes?

A double helix Signup and view all the answers

How many base pairs are there on the X chromosome?

Approximately 160 million pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a dominant gene and a recessive gene?

A dominant gene strongly influences a trait, while a recessive gene must be paired with another gene to determine a trait Signup and view all the answers

According to the diathesis-stress model, individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress. What is a diathesis?

A genetic vulnerability or susceptibility to developing a disorder Signup and view all the answers

According to the diathesis-stress model, what activates an individual's genetic tendency to develop a disorder?

Certain environmental conditions Signup and view all the answers

What does the reciprocal gene-environment model propose?

Genes and environment have a reciprocal and interactive influence on each other Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by Caspi and colleagues (2003) reveal about the relationship between a specific gene and depression?

The gene studied affects the transmission of serotonin in the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the absence of normal maternal behavior in rat pups?

It increases sensitivity to stress hormones Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between genes and psychological disorders?

Many genes each have a relatively small effect on psychological disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of linkage studies in genetics research?

To study individuals with the same disorder and other shared features Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the structure and function of the brain?

The brain is subject to continual change in response to the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which allele(s) is associated with an increased risk of depression in individuals who experience severe and stressful maltreatment during childhood?

SS alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of stressful childhood experiences on the incidence of depression in adulthood for individuals carrying the LL alleles?

Stressful childhood experiences do not affect the incidence of depression in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

In the diathesis-stress model, what is the relationship between underlying vulnerability and the amount of stress needed to trigger a disorder?

The greater the underlying vulnerability, the less stress is needed to trigger a disorder Signup and view all the answers

What did the Kilpatrick et al. (2007) study find about individuals with the SS genetic makeup and the experience of the Florida hurricanes?

They were more likely to develop PTSD after the hurricanes Signup and view all the answers

Which model provides support for the gene-environment interaction in the development of depression and other disorders?

The gene-environment correlation model Signup and view all the answers

What do psychologists now believe about the relationship between genetic endowment and stressful life events?

Genetic endowment increases the probability of experiencing stressful life events Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the gene-environment correlation model?

People with a genetic vulnerability to develop depression are more likely to experience stressful life events Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genetic vulnerability and environmental risk factors?

Genetic vulnerability increases the likelihood of environmental risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What do subsequent studies provide for the gene-environment interaction model?

Preliminary support Signup and view all the answers

What have psychologists found about the interrelationships between genes and environment?

They are complex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a disorder that is determined by a single gene defect?

Huntington's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of restricting the amount of phenylalanine in the diet of a child with phenylketonuria (PKU)?

To prevent cognitive impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genes and physical appearance?

Genes provide boundaries to physical development Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genes and behavior?

Genes provide boundaries to behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chromosomes is true?

The first 23 pairs of chromosomes determine an individual's sex. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA molecules that contain genes?

A double helix Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a dominant gene and a recessive gene?

A dominant gene is always expressed, while a recessive gene is only expressed when paired with another recessive gene. Signup and view all the answers

How many base pairs are there on the X chromosome?

Approximately 160 million pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the best estimate for the genetic contribution to our enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities?

50% Signup and view all the answers

In the study conducted by McClearn and colleagues, what was the range of heritability estimates for specific cognitive abilities, such as memory or ability to perceive spatial relations?

32% to 62% Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of heritability calculation for personality traits such as shyness or activity levels?

30% to 50% Signup and view all the answers

In the study of more than 1,200 twins spanning 35 years, what factors determined stability in cognitive abilities during adulthood?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Which allele(s) is associated with an increased risk of depression in individuals who experience severe and stressful maltreatment during childhood?

SS alleles Signup and view all the answers

What did the Kilpatrick et al. (2007) study find about individuals with the SS genetic makeup and the experience of the Florida hurricanes?

They were more likely to develop PTSD. Signup and view all the answers

What do subsequent studies provide for the gene-environment interaction model?

Support for the gene-environment interaction model. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key finding from studies with rat pups regarding maternal behavior and stress hormones?

Maternal behavior prevents the genetic expression of a stress hormone receptor in rat pups. Signup and view all the answers

What do behavioral geneticists conclude about the role of genes in psychological disorders?

Contributions to psychological disorders come from many genes, each having a relatively small effect. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of linkage studies in genetics research?

To identify specific genes associated with psychological disorders. Signup and view all the answers

According to Eric Kandel, what effect can learning have on genes?

Learning can activate dormant genes and change the genetic structure of cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which model proposes that individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress?

The diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genetic vulnerability and the amount of stress needed to trigger a disorder, according to the diathesis-stress model?

Greater genetic vulnerability requires less stress to trigger a disorder Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by Caspi and colleagues (2003) reveal about the relationship between a specific gene and depression?

The short allele of the gene is associated with a higher risk of depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of linkage studies in genetics research?

To identify specific genes associated with a disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which model provides support for the gene-environment interaction in the development of depression and other disorders?

The diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genetic vulnerability and environmental risk factors?

Genetic vulnerability increases the likelihood of experiencing environmental risk factors. Signup and view all the answers

According to the diathesis-stress model, what activates an individual's genetic tendency to develop a disorder?

Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What do psychologists now believe about the relationship between genetic endowment and stressful life events?

Genetic endowment increases the probability of experiencing stressful life events. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the gene-environment correlation model?

Genetic endowment causing accidents Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study records changes over time as they occur?

Prospective studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for studying clinical problems over time?

To design interventions and services to prevent these problems Signup and view all the answers

How do parents typically report the onset of a disorder in their child's behavior?

They remember drastic changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of prevention research in studying clinical problems over time?

To design interventions and services to prevent these problems Signup and view all the answers

What do prospective studies sometimes reveal compared to retrospective studies?

Dramatic differences in the development of psychological disorders Signup and view all the answers

What type of studies ask people to remember what happened in the past?

Retrospective studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of studying clinical problems over time?

To design interventions and services to prevent these problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of the onset of disorders according to parents' reports?

Drastic changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of prevention research in studying clinical problems over time?

To design interventions and services to prevent these problems Signup and view all the answers

What type of studies record changes over time as they occur?

Prospective studies Signup and view all the answers

The Stress-Depression Link: Textbook 1

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

What percentage of our enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities are attributed to genetic influence?

What is the range of heritability estimates for specific cognitive abilities, such as memory or ability to perceive spatial relations, in the study conducted by McClearn and colleagues?

What factors can overwhelm the influence of genes in determining cognitive abilities?

Which of the following statements about gene dominance is true?

Which of the following characteristics are likely to be polygenic?

Which of the following disorders is determined by a single gene defect?

Which of the following statements about genes and environmental factors is true?

Which chromosomes determine an individual's sex?

What is the structure of DNA molecules that contain genes?

How many base pairs are there on the X chromosome?

What is the difference between a dominant gene and a recessive gene?

According to the diathesis-stress model, individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress. What is a diathesis?

According to the diathesis-stress model, what activates an individual's genetic tendency to develop a disorder?

What does the reciprocal gene-environment model propose?

What did the study by Caspi and colleagues (2003) reveal about the relationship between a specific gene and depression?

Which of the following is true about the absence of normal maternal behavior in rat pups?

What does the text suggest about the relationship between genes and psychological disorders?

What is the purpose of linkage studies in genetics research?

What does the text suggest about the structure and function of the brain?

Which allele(s) is associated with an increased risk of depression in individuals who experience severe and stressful maltreatment during childhood?

What is the effect of stressful childhood experiences on the incidence of depression in adulthood for individuals carrying the LL alleles?

In the diathesis-stress model, what is the relationship between underlying vulnerability and the amount of stress needed to trigger a disorder?

What did the Kilpatrick et al. (2007) study find about individuals with the SS genetic makeup and the experience of the Florida hurricanes?

Which model provides support for the gene-environment interaction in the development of depression and other disorders?

What do psychologists now believe about the relationship between genetic endowment and stressful life events?

What is an example of the gene-environment correlation model?

What is the relationship between genetic vulnerability and environmental risk factors?

What do subsequent studies provide for the gene-environment interaction model?

What have psychologists found about the interrelationships between genes and environment?

Which of the following is an example of a disorder that is determined by a single gene defect?

What is the purpose of restricting the amount of phenylalanine in the diet of a child with phenylketonuria (PKU)?

What is the relationship between genes and physical appearance?

What is the relationship between genes and behavior?

Which of the following statements about chromosomes is true?

What is the structure of DNA molecules that contain genes?

What is the difference between a dominant gene and a recessive gene?

How many base pairs are there on the X chromosome?

What is the best estimate for the genetic contribution to our enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities?

In the study conducted by McClearn and colleagues, what was the range of heritability estimates for specific cognitive abilities, such as memory or ability to perceive spatial relations?

What is the range of heritability calculation for personality traits such as shyness or activity levels?

In the study of more than 1,200 twins spanning 35 years, what factors determined stability in cognitive abilities during adulthood?

Which allele(s) is associated with an increased risk of depression in individuals who experience severe and stressful maltreatment during childhood?

What did the Kilpatrick et al. (2007) study find about individuals with the SS genetic makeup and the experience of the Florida hurricanes?

What do subsequent studies provide for the gene-environment interaction model?

Which of the following is a key finding from studies with rat pups regarding maternal behavior and stress hormones?

What do behavioral geneticists conclude about the role of genes in psychological disorders?

What is the purpose of linkage studies in genetics research?

According to Eric Kandel, what effect can learning have on genes?

Which model proposes that individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress?

What is the relationship between genetic vulnerability and the amount of stress needed to trigger a disorder, according to the diathesis-stress model?

What did the study by Caspi and colleagues (2003) reveal about the relationship between a specific gene and depression?

What is the purpose of linkage studies in genetics research?

Which model provides support for the gene-environment interaction in the development of depression and other disorders?

What is the relationship between genetic vulnerability and environmental risk factors?

According to the diathesis-stress model, what activates an individual's genetic tendency to develop a disorder?

What do psychologists now believe about the relationship between genetic endowment and stressful life events?

What is an example of the gene-environment correlation model?

Which type of study records changes over time as they occur?

What is the main reason for studying clinical problems over time?

How do parents typically report the onset of a disorder in their child's behavior?

What is the purpose of prevention research in studying clinical problems over time?

What do prospective studies sometimes reveal compared to retrospective studies?

What type of studies ask people to remember what happened in the past?

What is the main goal of studying clinical problems over time?

What is the pattern of the onset of disorders according to parents' reports?

What is the main benefit of prevention research in studying clinical problems over time?

What type of studies record changes over time as they occur?

More Quizzes Like This

Developmental Psychology: Popular Label and Branches

Theory of Mind and Social Development -ABCD

Developmental Psychology Quiz