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Questions and Answers
What was a major consequence of the introduction of land as private property during Spanish rule?
What was a major consequence of the introduction of land as private property during Spanish rule?
Which of the following sectors saw modernization primarily due to foreign capital and technology during the expansion of agriculture?
Which of the following sectors saw modernization primarily due to foreign capital and technology during the expansion of agriculture?
What supported the progress in agriculture during the Spanish regime?
What supported the progress in agriculture during the Spanish regime?
Which class of individuals primarily concentrated wealth during the Spanish rule?
Which class of individuals primarily concentrated wealth during the Spanish rule?
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During the Philippine Republic, which secular institution was created to support higher education?
During the Philippine Republic, which secular institution was created to support higher education?
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What was the main focus of education during the early Spanish regime in the Philippines?
What was the main focus of education during the early Spanish regime in the Philippines?
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What was a characteristic of science and technology development during the American regime?
What was a characteristic of science and technology development during the American regime?
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What hindered native industries like weaving from competing with foreign imports?
What hindered native industries like weaving from competing with foreign imports?
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What was one of the main factors contributing to the development of Manila as a cosmopolitan center during the nineteenth century?
What was one of the main factors contributing to the development of Manila as a cosmopolitan center during the nineteenth century?
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What modern amenities were introduced in Manila by the latter half of the nineteenth century?
What modern amenities were introduced in Manila by the latter half of the nineteenth century?
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What institution was founded by the Jesuits in 1865 for meteorological studies?
What institution was founded by the Jesuits in 1865 for meteorological studies?
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What was a significant outcome of the Manila Observatory's work by 1879?
What was a significant outcome of the Manila Observatory's work by 1879?
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Which entity provided oversight for the Manila Observatory following the royal decree in 1884?
Which entity provided oversight for the Manila Observatory following the royal decree in 1884?
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Which type of studies and analysis was NOT mentioned as a focus of the various offices established by the Spanish government?
Which type of studies and analysis was NOT mentioned as a focus of the various offices established by the Spanish government?
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How did economic development during the nineteenth century affect different regions of the Philippines?
How did economic development during the nineteenth century affect different regions of the Philippines?
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What role did the American colonial authorities play concerning the Manila Observatory in 1901?
What role did the American colonial authorities play concerning the Manila Observatory in 1901?
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What type of institutions do most graduates in agriculture come from?
What type of institutions do most graduates in agriculture come from?
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Which course area tends to have the least perceived employment opportunities for students?
Which course area tends to have the least perceived employment opportunities for students?
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What was one of the first professional organizations to form in the Philippines during the colonial era?
What was one of the first professional organizations to form in the Philippines during the colonial era?
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What has been a key role of professional organizations in higher education in the Philippines?
What has been a key role of professional organizations in higher education in the Philippines?
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What innovation in medical training has resulted from academic professionals questioning the relevance of Western-oriented curricula?
What innovation in medical training has resulted from academic professionals questioning the relevance of Western-oriented curricula?
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What was one of the actions taken by the Philippine Medical Association to improve medical education standards?
What was one of the actions taken by the Philippine Medical Association to improve medical education standards?
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Which department was endorsed by the Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers for curriculum revisions?
Which department was endorsed by the Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers for curriculum revisions?
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What common characteristic do engineering and medical sciences courses share that may deter students from enrolling?
What common characteristic do engineering and medical sciences courses share that may deter students from enrolling?
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What was the primary goal of the reorganization of the Institute of Science in 1951?
What was the primary goal of the reorganization of the Institute of Science in 1951?
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Which report highlighted the decline of Philippine science since the early years of the American regime?
Which report highlighted the decline of Philippine science since the early years of the American regime?
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What was one of the recommendations made in the report submitted to the President?
What was one of the recommendations made in the report submitted to the President?
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What organization was created by the Science Act of 1958 to formulate science development policies?
What organization was created by the Science Act of 1958 to formulate science development policies?
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Which of the following agencies was established in 1964?
Which of the following agencies was established in 1964?
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What was a consequence of the increasing number of science agencies in the 1960s?
What was a consequence of the increasing number of science agencies in the 1960s?
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What did the National Science Development Board oversee?
What did the National Science Development Board oversee?
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What factor was identified as contributing to the decline of science in the Philippines?
What factor was identified as contributing to the decline of science in the Philippines?
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What was the purpose of creating the Health Sciences Center in 1979?
What was the purpose of creating the Health Sciences Center in 1979?
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Which organization was reorganized into the National Science and Technology Authority in 1982?
Which organization was reorganized into the National Science and Technology Authority in 1982?
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What significant project was initiated to improve careers in science and technology in the Mindanao and Visayas regions?
What significant project was initiated to improve careers in science and technology in the Mindanao and Visayas regions?
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What was a consequence of the high-risk front-end costs in technology development mentioned in the State of the Nation Address?
What was a consequence of the high-risk front-end costs in technology development mentioned in the State of the Nation Address?
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What organization was created in 1980 to advise on geological sciences matters?
What organization was created in 1980 to advise on geological sciences matters?
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Which executive order was responsible for granting salary increases to Philippine Science High School teachers due to their necessity in advancing national science?
Which executive order was responsible for granting salary increases to Philippine Science High School teachers due to their necessity in advancing national science?
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Which law was enacted to support agricultural science research at the University of the Philippines?
Which law was enacted to support agricultural science research at the University of the Philippines?
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What was the primary reason for the reorganization of the Weather Bureau in 1972?
What was the primary reason for the reorganization of the Weather Bureau in 1972?
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Study Notes
The Spanish Colonial Era
- Expanded world trade in the 19th century led to Manila's development as a cosmopolitan center.
- The Spanish government established a Nautical School, vocational schools, and a School of Agriculture during the 19th century.
- The Manila Observatory was founded in 1865 by Jesuits and provided typhoon and climatological observations.
- In 1884, the Manila Observatory became an official institution by royal decree, and a network of meteorological stations was established under it.
- The Observatory was made a central station of the Philippine Weather Bureau in 1901 by American colonial authorities.
- Despite economic development, the benefits were unevenly distributed, with Manila prospering while the countryside remained underdeveloped.
- The expansion of agricultural production for export exacerbated existing socio-economic inequality, leading to increasing wealth concentration among landowners and poverty among the masses.
- This inequality, combined with abuses by Spanish friars and officials, contributed to Philippine nationalism and the Revolution of 1896.
- The Philippines had evolved into a primarily agricultural exporting economy by the end of the Spanish regime.
- Progress in agriculture was made possible by government support for research and education, but the entry of foreign capital and technology modernized some sectors, especially sugar and hemp production.
- Lack of interest and support for research and development in native industries like weaving led to their decline.
- Medicine and pharmacy remained the most developed science-based professions due to necessity and social prestige associated with university education.
The First Republic
- There was very little development in science and technology during the short-lived Philippine Republic (1898-1900).
- The government established a secular educational system through a decree in 1898, creating the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas.
- The university offered courses in law, medicine, surgery, pharmacy, and notary public.
- The University held graduation exercises in Tarlac in 1899, awarding degrees in medicine and law.
The American Regime
- Science and technology advanced rapidly during the American regime.
- Most students in agriculture came from state institutions, while students in engineering and medical sciences came from private institutions.
- Teacher training/education and commerce/business administration courses were the most popular due to perceived employment opportunities.
- The rise of professional organizations for scientists and engineers followed the growth of higher education.
- The earliest organizations were in medicine and pharmacy, reflecting the professions introduced during the colonial era.
- As the number of graduates in a particular discipline increased, associations were formed to promote professional interests and standards.
- Self-regulation by professional associations was institutionalized through government laws establishing professional examining boards and licensing procedures.
- Professional organizations actively sought to improve educational standards, including curriculum revisions and new training initiatives.
- In 1951, the Institute of Science was reorganized and renamed the Institute of Science and Technology (IST), becoming a government-owned corporation.
- The IST's responsibilities expanded to include improving industrial processes and stimulating technological development.
- A 1957 report highlighted the deterioration of Philippine science, attributing it to factors like lack of government support, dearth of trained scientists, low morale, and lack of public awareness.
- The Science Act of 1958 was enacted, creating the National Science Development Board (NSDB) to formulate policies and coordinate work of science agencies.
- The Science Act also established the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), placing them under the NSDB.
- Additional science agencies were created in the 1960s, expanding the NSDB's organization and functions.
- The creation of these science agencies demonstrated increased government concern and support for Philippine science and technology.
- The government invested funds and time in scientific research organizations, including the NSDB, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources, Plant Breeding Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Bureau of Plant Industry, and Bureau of Forest Products.
Presidential Decrees and Executive Orders
- President Marcos established the Health Sciences Center as an autonomous member within the University of the Philippines system in 1979.
- He created the National Committee on Geological Sciences in 1980 to advise government and private entities on geological development.
- In 1982, he reorganized the National Science Development Board into the National Science and Technology Authority to centralize direction and coordination of research and development.
- He granted salary increases to teachers at the Philippine Science High School in 1982, recognizing their role in the advancement of science.
- He authorized the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños in 1982.
- In 1986, he established Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School to encourage careers in science and technology and make the school accessible to talented students in these regions.
- Presidential Decree No. 78 in 1972 reorganized the Weather Bureau into the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and transferred it to the Department of National Defense.
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Description
Explore the complexities of the Spanish Colonial Era in the Philippines, including the establishment of educational institutions and the Manila Observatory. Discover the socio-economic impacts of world trade and agricultural expansion, highlighting the uneven distribution of benefits among the population. This quiz delves into the historical developments that shaped Manila and its countryside during the 19th century.
