The Skeletal System

Skeletal System

• Composed of 206 bones that provide support, protection, and movement for the body
• Divided into two main parts: axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle)
• Functions:
  • Support: provides a framework for the body
  • Protection: encloses and protects internal organs
  • Movement: acts as a system of levers and joints to facilitate movement
  • Blood cell production: bones are responsible for producing blood cells
  • Storage of minerals: bones act as a storage site for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

Nervous System

• Consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• CNS: brain and spinal cord
• PNS: nerves that connect CNS to the rest of the body
• Functions:
  • Control and coordination: integrates and interprets sensory information and responds accordingly
  • Regulation: regulates various bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature

Digestive System

• Composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
• Functions:
  • Ingestion: takes in food and liquids
  • Mechanical digestion: breaks down food into smaller particles
  • Chemical digestion: breaks down food into nutrients using enzymes and acids
  • Absorption: absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
  • Elimination: eliminates waste products

Muscular System

• Composed of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles
• Functions:
  • Movement: enables movement and locomotion
  • Support: provides support and stability for the body
  • Regulation: regulates body temperature and blood pressure
  • Protection: protects internal organs

Circulatory System

• Composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and blood vessels
• Functions:
  • Transportation: transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products
  • Regulation: regulates blood pressure and body temperature
  • Protection: protects the body against infection and disease

Hip Joint

• Ball-and-socket joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the pelvis
• Functions:
  • Movement: enables movement and rotation of the leg
  • Support: provides support and stability for the body

Placenta

• Temporary organ that develops during pregnancy
• Functions:
  • Nutrition: provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
  • Waste removal: removes waste products from the fetus
  • Hormone regulation: regulates hormone production during pregnancy

Shoulder Joint

• Ball-and-socket joint that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) to the scapula (shoulder blade)
• Functions:
  • Movement: enables movement and rotation of the arm
  • Support: provides support and stability for the arm

Elbow Joint

• Hinge joint that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) to the radius and ulna (forearm bones)
• Functions:
  • Movement: enables movement and flexion of the arm
  • Support: provides support and stability for the arm

Knee Joint

• Hinge joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone)
• Functions:
  • Movement: enables movement and flexion of the leg
  • Support: provides support and stability for the leg

Skeletal System

• The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones
• Divided into two main parts: axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribcage, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle)
• The skeletal system provides support, protection, and movement for the body
• It also produces blood cells and stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

Nervous System

• The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
• The nervous system controls and coordinates the body's functions, regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature

Digestive System

• The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
• It ingests food and liquids, breaks down food into smaller particles, and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
• The digestive system also eliminates waste products from the body

Muscular System

• The muscular system consists of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles
• It enables movement and locomotion, provides support and stability for the body, and regulates body temperature and blood pressure
• The muscular system also protects internal organs

Circulatory System

• The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and blood vessels
• It transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products
• The circulatory system also regulates blood pressure and body temperature, and protects the body against infection and disease

Joints

Hip Joint

• The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the pelvis
• It enables movement and rotation of the leg and provides support and stability for the body

Shoulder Joint

• The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) to the scapula (shoulder blade)
• It enables movement and rotation of the arm and provides support and stability for the arm

Elbow Joint

• The elbow joint is a hinge joint that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) to the radius and ulna (forearm bones)
• It enables movement and flexion of the arm and provides support and stability for the arm

Knee Joint

• The knee joint is a hinge joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone)
• It enables movement and flexion of the leg and provides support and stability for the leg

Placenta

• The placenta is a temporary organ that develops during pregnancy
• It provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, removes waste products from the fetus, and regulates hormone production during pregnancy