40 Questions
What was the basis for the Scientific Method promoted during the Scientific Revolution?
Empiricism
Which scientist suggested that natural laws, such as gravity, determined how the universe worked?
Isaac Newton
What was the goal of the Enlightenment?
To apply reason and the scientific method to social, political, and economic problems
Which philosopher defined the idea of the social contract?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What was the outcome of the English Civil War?
Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector of England
What was a key feature of the worldview that emerged from the Scientific Revolution?
A more secular, scientific worldview
Which of the following was NOT a key figure of the Enlightenment?
Charles Darwin
What was the significance of the ideas of the philosophes?
They influenced the development of modern, liberal, democratic governments
What was the main intention behind the change in the law concerning imprisonment?
To make it harder for the king to punish someone arbitrarily
What was Charles II's approach to politics and society?
Middle path
What was Cromwell's fate after his death?
His body was dug up and ceremonially 'executed'
What was the outcome of the English Civil War in England?
A constitutional monarchy was established
What was the primary reason for the colonization of the American continents?
To access resources and strategic benefits
Why did Charles II secretly agree with King Louis XIV of France?
To convert England to Catholicism in exchange for money
What was the main division within Parliament during James II's rule?
Between Whigs and Tories
What was the outcome of the shift in power in England from 1625 to 1688?
Power came from the people, given legitimacy by the constitution
What was the main characteristic of the social contract before the English Civil War?
The king had absolute power
What was the main difference between the Whigs and the Tories?
Their stance on absolute monarchy
Which European power gained control over the east coast of what is today the United States of America?
England
What was the significance of the Whigs and Tories?
They were the first political parties in the English Parliament
What was the original connotation of the words 'Whig' and 'Tory'?
They were insults used by opposing parties
What is the term for the policy or practice of establishing and maintaining colonies?
Colonization
What was the name of the war that led to upheaval in the colonies?
The Seven Years' War
What was founded on the U.S. Constitution?
American Democracy
What was the motivation behind Parliament's plot to overthrow King James II?
To protect the Church of England and prevent another civil war
Who invited William of Orange to take over the country?
Parliament
What was the outcome of William of Orange's march towards London?
The English army switched sides to support William
What was the significance of the Bill of Rights written in 1689?
It limited the power of the monarchy and protected individual rights
What was the consequence of King James II's actions?
He was exiled to France
What was the result of the Glorious Revolution?
The transfer of power from the monarchy to Parliament
What was the relationship between King William III and Queen Mary II?
They were husband and wife
What was the significance of the term 'Tories' in the context of the Conservative Party of Canada?
It referred to a historical term for the Conservative Party of Canada
What was the outcome of the Seven Years' War for France?
France lost almost all of its colonies in North America and India
What was a major factor contributing to France's debt by the time King Louis XVI became king?
The expense of supporting the American Revolution
What was a characteristic of Louis XVI's leadership style?
He was an indecisive and weak ruler
What was a major criticism of Marie Antoinette?
She was a lavish spender and a symbol of the monarchy's excesses
What was the relationship between Austria and France?
Austria and France were long-time enemies
What was a consequence of Louis XV's rule?
France's power and wealth declined
Why did Louis XVI's advisors have limited influence over him?
He preferred to listen to his wife, Marie Antoinette
What was a characteristic of the French monarchy under Louis XVI?
An absolute monarchy with a weak and indecisive king
Study Notes
The Scientific Revolution
- Promoted the idea of Empiricism, or observation, as a basis for the Scientific Method
- Changed the basic view of the universe, confirming that the Earth rotates around the sun
- Led to a more secular, scientific worldview in Europe based on rationalism
- Founded on a belief in rationalism and the need to question existing beliefs
Key Figures
- Nicholas Copernicus: confirmed that the Earth rotates around the sun
- Johannes Kepler: contributed to the understanding of the universe
- Galileo Galilei: confirmed that the Earth rotates around the sun
- Isaac Newton: suggested that natural laws, such as gravity, determine how the universe works
- John Locke: had a different view of how a government should operate
- Thomas Hobbes: had a different view of how a government should operate
- Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau: exchanged ideas about government, freedom, equality, and natural law
- Rousseau: defined the idea of the social contract, in which people must give up some freedom to receive the benefits of living together in a community with other humans
The Enlightenment
- An attempt to improve society by applying reason and the scientific method to social, political, and economic problems
- Founded on a belief in rationalism and the need to question existing beliefs
Revolution in England
- Before the Civil War, Parliament had little power
- The Stuart Dynasty ended with the execution of Charles I
- Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector of England
- Charles II tried to steer England down the middle path in both politics and society
- The Glorious Revolution of 1688 restored a limited monarchy
The Glorious Revolution
- Parliament plotted to overthrow James II, who had become too powerful
- William of Orange and his wife Mary were invited to take over the country
- James II abdicated and was exiled to France
- William of Orange became King William III of England, and his wife became Queen Mary II
- A Bill of Rights was written in 1689 to limit the power of the monarchy
- The Bill of Rights recognized the support Parliament gave to the new government and granted more power to the people
The American Revolutionary War
- Britain had established thirteen colonies in British North America
- The Seven Years' War led to upheaval in the colonies
- The colonists were unhappy with Mercantilism and taxation
- The colonists protested the Intolerable Acts
- The Thirteen Colonies declared independence
- The French sent troops to fight with the American revolutionaries
- American democracy was founded on the U.S. Constitution
Key Terms and Concepts
- Colonization: the policy or practice of establishing and maintaining colonies
- Mercantilism: an economic theory that a country's prosperity depends on its accumulation of gold and silver
- Democracy: a system of government in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives
Learn about the key figures and ideas of the Scientific Revolution, including Empiricism, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, and how it led to a more secular, scientific worldview.
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