Lecture 7

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Questions and Answers

What are the central energy sources provided by food?

Glucose, vitamins, minerals, amino acids

Protein, sugars, fats, minerals

Glucose, fats, protein, and glycogen (correct)

Fats, amino acids, sugars, glycogen

What is a key determinant of health based on what we eat?

Where we eat

What we eat (correct)

How much we eat

When we eat

What are the themes covered in the lecture?

Psychology of eating, food preferences, cooking techniques

Function and digestion of food, theories of hunger, body weight regulation (correct)

Food culture, culinary history, food and emotions

Food marketing, dietary supplements, meal timing

What is one of the reasons why eating is pleasurable?

It is highly pleasurable, social, cultural, and family-oriented Signup and view all the answers

What did the study of food deprivation in laboratory rats suggest?

Fasting might be a way to improve health Signup and view all the answers

Which group of laboratory rats had the lowest risk of cancer, best immune system responses, and greatest maximum life span?

Group 4 (65%) Signup and view all the answers

What did Matheson et al. (2012) examine the association between?

Healthy lifestyle habits and mortality Signup and view all the answers

What did Mann et al. (2007) find in their search for effective obesity treatments?

Diets are not the answer Signup and view all the answers

What do hunger and satiety result from, according to the summary?

Both set-point and positive-incentive perspectives Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in understanding the impact of calorie restriction on health?

The difficulty of regulating body weight Signup and view all the answers

What did Friedman (2010) present a 'tale of' in the Nature Medicine article?

Two hormones Signup and view all the answers

What did Pinel & Barnes (2014) introduce in their book 'Introduction to Biopsychology'?

The concept of hunger and satiety Signup and view all the answers

What regulates fluid balance and nervous system activity?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What do bitter tastes in nature often coincide with?

Poisonous plants Signup and view all the answers

What does the Set-point hypothesis suggest?

Signals about food energy content return us to a predefined energy requirement Signup and view all the answers

What does the Positive-Incentive hypothesis suggest about stopping eating?

When food is no longer pleasurable Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon challenges set-point theory predictions after surgery?

Sham eating Signup and view all the answers

What effect suggests that small food amounts may increase desire for more food?

Appetizer effect Signup and view all the answers

What influences satiety, consistent with both set-point and positive incentive theories?

Serving size and social influences Signup and view all the answers

What leads to increased calorie consumption and body weight gain?

Cafeteria diet with multiple tastes Signup and view all the answers

What does Sensory Specific Satiety refer to?

Eating one food reduces incentive value for all food, leading to category-specific satiation Signup and view all the answers

What does not directly regulate hunger and satiety according to the text?

Blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What receive inputs from hormones and regulate metabolic processes related to hunger and satiety?

Hypothalamic hunger and satiety centers Signup and view all the answers

What may regulate hunger and satiety according to the text?

Gastrointestinal tract signals, such as feelings of fullness Signup and view all the answers

What releases peptides such as cholecystokinin, insulin, ghrelin, and leptin?

Ingestion of food Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that weight levels are rigid and pre-determined by genes?

The set-point theory of body weight Signup and view all the answers

What does the Okinawa study challenge?

The set-point theory Signup and view all the answers

What does the settling-point theory propose?

Body weight varies around a 'settling point' defended by metabolic changes Signup and view all the answers

What does the evidence from the Vermont Prison Study support?

A natural set point for body weight Signup and view all the answers

What may determine how the body metabolizes and stores energy?

Specific genes Signup and view all the answers

What does the metabolism do after overeating, according to the set-point theory?

Increases and weight rapidly returns to pre-diet levels Signup and view all the answers

What does the surgical removal of the stomach not eliminate?

Hunger and satiety signals Signup and view all the answers

What do theories on factors controlling body weight include?

Willpower, lifestyle/environmental factors, and biological/genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

What does the settling-point theory suggest about body weight stability?

Body weight is stable unless there are large and enduring changes in factors that disturb homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What does experimental evidence support regarding obesity and health?

Changes in lifestyle and metabolism affect obesity and health Signup and view all the answers

What does the nervous system not solely control in relation to hunger and satiety signals?

Hunger and satiety signals from the stomach Signup and view all the answers

What are the main forms in which the gastrointestinal tract delivers energy to the body?

Lipids, amino acids, and glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones control energy metabolism and regulate the use and storage of glucose and release of fatty acids?

Insulin and glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases related to food consumption that energy metabolism changes over?

Cephalic, absorptive, and fasting phases Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that influence hunger according to the text?

Energy needs, desires for vitamins and minerals, social factors, and taste preferences Signup and view all the answers

What are the two theories of hunger mentioned in the text?

Set-point theory and positive-incentive perspective Signup and view all the answers

What does set-point theory propose about hunger?

Hunger arises from an energy deficit and is alleviated by replenishing energy reserves Signup and view all the answers

What does the positive-incentive perspective propose about hunger and cravings?

They depend on multiple factors that influence the positive incentive value of food Signup and view all the answers

What can steer us towards high-energy, high-nutrition foods according to the text?

Innate taste preferences, such as sweet and fatty tastes Signup and view all the answers

What kind of responses do sweet and bitter tastes produce according to the text?

Sweet tastes produce liking responses across species, while bitter tastes produce aversive responses Signup and view all the answers

According to the positive-incentive perspective, what factors do hunger and cravings depend on?

Taste, previous experience, sensory feedback, and mood Signup and view all the answers

What must a viable theory of hunger account for according to the text?

Both biological and psychological factors influencing hunger Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biological Effects of Restricted Diets and The Ineffectiveness of Diets

The gastrointestinal tract delivers energy to the body in the form of lipids, amino acids, and glucose.
Energy metabolism is controlled by insulin and glucagon, which regulate the use and storage of glucose and release of fatty acids.
Energy metabolism changes over three phases related to food consumption: cephalic, absorptive, and fasting phases.
Hunger is influenced by a range of factors including energy needs, desires for vitamins and minerals, social factors, and taste preferences.
Two theories of hunger are set-point theory and positive-incentive perspective, which propose different explanations for hunger and eating behaviors.
Set-point theory suggests that hunger arises from an energy deficit and is alleviated by replenishing energy reserves.
The positive-incentive perspective proposes that hunger and cravings depend on multiple factors that influence the positive incentive value of food.
Innate taste preferences, such as sweet and fatty tastes, can steer us towards high-energy, high-nutrition foods.
Sweet tastes produce liking responses across species, while bitter tastes produce aversive responses.
The positive-incentive perspective suggests that hunger and cravings depend on factors such as taste, previous experience, sensory feedback, and mood.
Unlike set-point theory, the positive-incentive perspective does not limit hunger to one single mechanism.
Hunger can be influenced by both biological and psychological factors, and a viable theory of hunger must be flexible enough to account for these influences.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the biological effects of restricted diets and the ineffectiveness of diets with this quiz. Explore concepts such as energy metabolism, hunger theories, taste preferences, and the influence of biological and psychological factors on hunger.