The Rise of Muckraking Journalism

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What was a significant driving force behind the rapid economic expansion in America during the second half of the nineteenth century?

  • New inventions that increased efficiency in offices and factories. (correct)
  • Government regulation of business and industry.
  • Strict immigration policies that limited the workforce.
  • A decline in foreign exports and domestic production.

Which political party was notably involved in utilizing the country's resources to transform the U.S. into an industrial power during this time?

  • The Populist Party.
  • The Republican Party. (correct)
  • The Whig Party.
  • The Democratic Party.

What economic policy did the Republican Party often support during this period, which involved minimal government intervention?

  • Strict protectionism.
  • Aggressive tax hikes and social spending.
  • A command economy.
  • Laissez-faire policies. (correct)

Which group was largely bypassed by the economic boom of the late 19th century, despite America's promise?

<p>The common man and new immigrants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant problem affecting the political landscape of the United States during this period?

<p>The widespread corruption and flouting of laws. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did reform-minded journalists contribute to challenging the state of corruption at this time?

<p>They exposed the crimes and wrongdoings that were harming democracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes the journalists who were actively working towards reform by exposing societal issues?

<p>Progressive warriors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the journalists see the state of the nation?

<p>As a system that was in need of reform due to corruption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did muckraking journalism play in American society according to Schlesinger?

<p>It contributed to the moral awakening of the masses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication is noted for exposing fraud among life insurance companies?

<p>Everybody’s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable outcome of the muckraking movement as described by Schlesinger?

<p>A return of governance to the people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of societal issues was highlighted by American Magazine?

<p>The mistreatment of African Americans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which group supported new political leaders as a result of muckraking journalism?

<p>The common people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Ida Tarbell's investigative journalism in McClure's magazine?

<p>The corrupt practices within Standard Oil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the means by which Standard Oil gained a competitive advantage according to Tarbell's investigation?

<p>By securing secret and preferential agreements with railroad companies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate impact of Tarbell's 'History of the Standard Oil Company' series?

<p>It significantly increased the circulation of McClure's magazine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the public's response to Tarbell's expose on Standard Oil?

<p>It encouraged other muckrakers to tackle other monopolies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legislative action was directly influenced by Tarbell’s exposé on Standard Oil, as noted in the text?

<p>The Hepburn Act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule regarding Standard Oil following Tarbell's articles?

<p>The company was in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was John D. Rockefeller's reaction to the negative publicity resulting from Tarbell's articles?

<p>He hired a publicity expert to improve his public image. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What detail from Tarbell’s articles illustrated the ruthlessness of Standard Oil’s operations against competitors?

<p>Standard Oil strategically undermined its competitors' refineries to eliminate them from the market. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to writing for McClure's magazine, what was Ida Tarbell's primary writing focus?

<p>Biographies including notable figures in history and education and public health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original planned scope of Tarbell's 'History of the Standard Oil Company' series?

<p>Three articles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Tarbell's work influence John D. Rockefeller's philanthropic activities?

<p>It was credited with pushing him towards increased contributions to charities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the nature of the 'patent medicines' that were widely sold during the muckraking era?

<p>They promised cures for illnesses despite containing harmful substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an issue investigated by muckrakers during this period?

<p>The unethical practices within the automobile industry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern regarding food production at the time of the muckrakers, as mentioned in the text?

<p>The common use of unproven food preservation methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the muckraking journalism in the text?

<p>The exposure of corporate malpractices and social injustices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of muckraking journalism during the Progressive Era?

<p>To expose corruption and social injustices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did technological advances impact the magazine industry during the early 20th century?

<p>They allowed magazines to lower their prices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lincoln Steffens primarily investigate in his journalistic career?

<p>Corruption in municipal government (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase did President Theodore Roosevelt use to describe muckrakers?

<p>Rakers of muck (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did Steffens's exposé of St. Louis politics have on Joseph Folk?

<p>It provided him public support for reform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant result of Steffens's work published in 'The Shame of the Cities'?

<p>The establishment of city-manager forms of governance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the early 20th century, what trend did popular magazines follow to attract readership?

<p>Creating vivid and compelling exposés (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of American life did muckrakers particularly target for reform?

<p>Municipal corruption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly shared characteristic defined the journalists during the muckraking era?

<p>They sought to reveal hidden societal issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic saw increased interest due to the engaging style of muckraking journalism?

<p>Low-paid workers such as office clerks and shop girls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did muckrakers hope to achieve through their journalism?

<p>Inspire public awareness and reforms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Upton Sinclair to write 'The Jungle'?

<p>His desire to expose the conditions of the meatpacking industry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did President Roosevelt respond to Sinclair's reporting?

<p>He sent agents to Chicago to verify its claims (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the expansion of advertising in magazines during the era?

<p>Lower prices for consumers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Roosevelt criticize muckrakers at one moment?

<p>For focusing solely on society’s negatives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Ladies' Home Journal take against patent medicines in 1904?

<p>Launched a campaign urging a boycott (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cities did Steffens conduct his investigative work?

<p>Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following magazines joined the campaign against patent medicines?

<p>Collier's (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What financial consequence did Collier's face after dropping patent medicine ads?

<p>A loss of $80,000 in one year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did President Roosevelt advocate in his annual message to Congress?

<p>Legislation for consumer protection regarding food and drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the illustration titled 'Death's Laboratory'?

<p>The dangers of drug fraud (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did muckrakers like Sinclair and Bok impact public awareness?

<p>They brought important social issues to light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legislation did Congress eventually pass as a direct result of muckraking efforts?

<p>The Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical attitude did some critics have about Sinclair's work?

<p>They thought it was purely a work of fiction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common ingredient found in patent medicines as highlighted by Edward Bok?

<p>Alcohol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did critics highlight as the main problem with the U.S. Senate in the early twentieth century?

<p>Its relationship with corporate interests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sinclair claim about workers falling into meat vats?

<p>It represented a severe safety hazard (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Sinclair's series 'The Jungle' considered authoritative by some readers?

<p>It contained statistical data supporting its claims (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the muckraker David Graham Phillips in his series?

<p>The influence of corporations on the Senate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what significant way did Phillips propose to reform the Senate?

<p>Transitioning to direct elections by voters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of Phillips's muckraking articles on the Senate?

<p>The defeat of several senators and eventual constitutional reform (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the circulation increase for Cosmopolitan magazine during the publishing of 'The Treason of the Senate' series?

<p>From 200,000 to 450,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which senator was described as the 'archetype of the sleek, self-satisfied American opportunist in politics'?

<p>Chauncey M. Depew (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of legislation did muckraking journalists help to bring about?

<p>The Pure Food and Drug Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical impact did muckraking have on the American Senate?

<p>It led to the defeat of numerous corrupt senators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which journalist is noted for reporting that corporations controlled 75 of the 90 senators?

<p>David Graham Phillips (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the widespread public reaction to Phillips's articles?

<p>Vehement protests and threats against Hearst and Phillips (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historian emphasized the need for sensational measures during the progressive reform era?

<p>Arthur Schlesinger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of journalism did muckrakers notably influence according to scholars?

<p>The national conversation on government accountability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement did muckraking journalists primarily contribute to in the early 20th century?

<p>The Progressive Movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the muckraking era, what change occurred regarding U.S. senators?

<p>Their election method shifted to popular vote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industries were targeted by muckraking journalists for their corrupt practices?

<p>Food, medicine, and monopolistic industries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of the Senate to the muckrakers' accusations?

<p>Strong protests and denunciations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Muckraking

Investigative journalism aimed at exposing corruption.

Laissez-faire

Economic policy of minimal government intervention.

Robber Barons

Wealthy industrialists who exploited workers.

Industrial Expansion

Rapid growth of factories and production in the U.S.

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Fourth Estate

Term describing the press as a societal watchdog.

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Spoils System

Political practice of giving jobs to supporters.

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Economic Boom

Period of significant economic growth and production.

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Immigrant Struggles

Difficult lives of newcomers in America’s factories.

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Exposés

Investigative reports revealing fraud and corruption.

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Moral Awakening

A significant increase in public awareness about social issues.

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Reform-oriented journalism

Journalism focused on advocating for social change and justice.

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Schlesinger's commentary

Historian Schlesinger emphasized muckraking's role in saving democracy.

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Support for political leaders

Public backing for new leaders advocating for democracy and reforms.

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Ida Tarbell

Investigative journalist known for her work on Standard Oil.

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Standard Oil

Dominant oil company founded by John D. Rockefeller, controlling 90% of US oil.

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Muckraker

Journalists who expose corruption and wrongdoing in politics and business.

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McClure's Magazine

Leading muckraking magazine that published Tarbell’s exposé.

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The Hepburn Act

1906 law that strengthened federal regulation of railroads and prohibited preferential rates.

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890 law aimed at breaking up monopolies and preventing anti-competitive practices.

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Rockefeller's tactics

Secret agreements with railroads for preferential pricing that harmed competition.

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Public outrage

The reaction of the public to Tarbell’s series leading to significant reforms.

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Impact of Tarbell's work

Increased circulation of McClure’s and reformed public policy against monopolies.

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Publicity man Ivy Lee

The first public relations expert hired by Rockefeller to improve his image.

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Food and drug quality issues

Concern over dangerous preservatives and patent medicines in early 1900s America.

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Quack medicines

Fraudulent health products that promised unrealistic cures and often contained harmful substances.

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Cleveland refinery story

An anecdote from Tarbell’s writings showing Rockefeller's harsh business dealings.

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Rise of muckraking journalism

Growth in investigative journalism aimed at exposing societal issues in the early 20th century.

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Expansion of Tarbell's series

Her exposé on Standard Oil grew from three articles to eighteen due to its popularity.

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Upton Sinclair

An American author who wrote about working conditions in 'The Jungle'.

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The Jungle

A novel by Upton Sinclair depicting the harsh realities of the meatpacking industry.

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Pure Food and Drug Act

A law passed in 1906 to regulate food and drugs, ensuring safety standards.

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Meat Inspection Act

A law requiring the inspection of meat products to ensure they are safe for consumption.

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Ladies’ Home Journal

A magazine that played a key role in the muckraking movement against patent medicines.

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Patent medicines

Unregulated medications typically containing harmful substances, marketed with false claims.

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Edward Bok

Editor of Ladies’ Home Journal who advocated for drug regulation and consumer protection.

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Collier’s Magazine

A publication that ceased accepting ads from patent medicine companies during the reform movement.

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Death’s Laboratory

A symbolic drawing in Collier’s illustrating the dangers of patent medicines.

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Congressional action

Legislation enacted in response to muckraking that improved food and drug regulations.

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Human suffering in industry

The distress and hardships faced by workers depicted in 'The Jungle' by Sinclair.

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Regulation of drug sales

Laws ensuring that medicines are safe and effective, initiated by muckrakers' disclosures.

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Social reform

Efforts aimed at improving society, often sparked by investigative journalism.

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Theodore Roosevelt

US President who coined the term 'muckraker'.

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Lincoln Steffens

First acknowledged muckraker who exposed municipal corruption.

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'Tweed Days in St. Louis'

Steffens's article highlighting corruption in St. Louis governance.

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Progressive Era

A period of social reform and increased government regulation in the early 1900s.

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Municipal government

The system of local government at the city level.

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Corruption

Dishonest or unethical conduct by those in power.

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City-manager government

A form of governance where a manager oversees city operations.

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Public support

The backing of the community for a cause or individual.

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Ballot box stuffing

Illegal practice of tampering with election votes.

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Bribery

Offering something of value to influence officials.

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Advances in printing

Technological progress that made magazines more affordable.

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Circulation

The number of copies of a publication distributed.

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William Randolph Hearst

A prominent journalist who funded muckraking efforts.

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The Treason of the Senate

A series of articles exposing Senate corruption published by Cosmopolitan.

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David Graham Phillips

The writer who conducted the Senate exposé for Hearst's magazine.

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Public Sentiment

The collective feelings and attitudes of the public.

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Direct Election of Senators

The process where voters elect their senators instead of state legislatures.

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Corporate Influence

The power corporations held over politics and senators during the era.

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Reform Movement

A broad campaign in America aimed at addressing social issues and corruption.

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Senate Criticism

Negative reactions and protests against senators accused of corruption.

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Legislative Corruption

The unethical practices of lawmakers, including bribery and favoritism.

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Agitation for Change

Efforts made by journalists and reformers to promote social reform.

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Study Notes

The Rise of Muckraking Journalism

  • American economy boomed in the late 19th century, fueled by innovation and industrial growth.
  • Republican Party focused on industrial growth while protecting industry from foreign competition.
  • Laissez-faire policies led to inequality, with immigrants and common people suffering in slums and factories.
  • Corruption spanned politics and business, with rampant law-breaking, especially like Boss Tweed in New York.

Muckrakers and Reform

  • Progressive journalists, using investigative skills and literary talent, exposed widespread corruption.
  • They targeted greedy industrialists, politicians (local to Senate), and fraudulent business practices (patent medicines, food).
  • Muckraking, the name coined by Theodore Roosevelt, characterized this style of journalism with focus on the negative aspects of society.
  • Technological advancements in printing and paper led to accessible magazine prices and wider readership.
  • Rapid population growth and advertising contributed to magazines' rise as a national medium.

Exposing Municipal Corruption

  • Lincoln Steffens was a prominent muckraker, known for investigating municipal corruption.
  • He initially focused on St. Louis, revealing a system of graft and bribery.
  • His articles exposed corruption across various US cities.
  • Steffens's work influenced policies and led to prosecutions of local officials.
  • His book "The Shame of the Cities" helped establish the city-manager model of municipal government.

Busting the Trusts

  • Ida Tarbell investigated Standard Oil, exposing its ruthless business practices and monopolistic control.
  • Tarbell revealed unfair business practices and techniques through anecdotes and detailed reports.
  • Tarbell's work led to criticism, but eventually led to a decline in Standard Oil’s power.
  • The Hepburn Act and other legislative changes ultimately broke up Standard Oil, resulting in legal proceedings.
  • Tarbell was a key figure in this era, hailed as a powerful journalist.

Attacking Dangerous Foods and Drugs

  • Muckrakers also addressed poor food and medicine quality.
  • Upton Sinclair's book "The Jungle" exposed unsanitary conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry.
  • "The Jungle" played a critical role in highlighting unsafe practices and created broad public outrage.
  • The public pressure resulted from the exposé spurred government intervention (Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act).

Exposing Treason in the US Senate

  • William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan magazine, with David Graham Phillips.
  • Phillips exposed corruption within the US Senate, accusing senators of accepting bribes.
  • The "Treason of the Senate" series led to significant public anger and pressure, triggering change.
  • Public pressure resulted in election losses for several senators. Ultimately a constitutional amendment led to direct election of senators.

Muckraking's Legacy

  • Muckrakers were instrumental in sparking the Progressive Era across multiple industries.
  • Historians credit muckrakers with restoring focus on democratic ideals, fostering government reform.
  • Muckraking investigations and activism significantly changed American business practices and government policies.
  • Reform movement expanded into areas beyond investigated ones, including areas such as the Stock market, life insurance and even race relations.

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