The Rise of Algorithms

Gary Kasparov and Deep Blue

• Gary Kasparov, former world chess champion, is often regarded as the greatest chess player ever.
• His match against IBM's supercomputer Deep Blue symbolized a critical moment, representing the onset of the 21st century.
• Kasparov's defeat illuminated fears about machines surpassing human intellect.

Optimism of the 20th Century

• The 20th century harbored optimism toward mechanization and technology, envisioning a world where human needs would be effortlessly met by machines.
• This vision contrasted sharply with the current reality, where humans still perform basic tasks manually.

Understanding Algorithms

• An algorithm is a process followed by computers to perform calculations or solve problems, distinct from artificial intelligence, which is often seen as a sales concept.
• Algorithms raise concerns about obsolescence of human roles in problem-solving due to their efficiency.

Types of Algorithms

• Two primary types of algorithms exist:
  • Rule-Based Algorithms:
    • Simple, human-written instructions following a strict if-then logic.
    • Limited by their programming; unable to adapt to unforeseen challenges.
  • Machine Learning Algorithms:
    • Goal-oriented, learning through data analysis and experience rather than direct instructions.
    • Their self-learning nature can lead to unpredictability and requires careful, unambiguous coding to avoid errors.

Impact of Algorithms on Social Media

• Algorithms significantly influence online experiences, including targeted advertising.
• Targeted ads on platforms like Facebook utilize user data to deliver personalized content, sometimes based on psychometric profiling.
• Such advertising can mislead users, especially in political contexts, where false claims are permissible.

Research Findings

• Stanford and Cambridge researchers found that Facebook algorithms can outperform friends and family in understanding personal preferences.
• Algorithms could determine personal traits with minimal data—70 likes to surpass a roommate and 300 to outdo a partner—underscoring the potential of social media data.

Concerns about Targeted Ads

• Algorithms can exploit individuals' vulnerabilities, serving as tools for manipulation and misinformation.
• Political entities can leverage these algorithms to propagate misleading content, presenting serious ethical concerns regarding information dissemination and public opinion.