The Rise and Spread of Islam

The final prophet of Islam, receiving messages from God through Gabriel, which formed the basis of the Quran.

The core Islamic belief in the oneness of God.

The five foundational practices in Islam that all Muslims follow. They are Shahada, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj.

"There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger." - the declaration of faith in Islam.

The first four caliphs (leaders) who succeeded Muhammad, expanding the Islamic empire.

The holy book of Islam, believed to be the direct words of God to Muhammad.

The leaders of the Muslim community after the death of Prophet Muhammad.

Islamic caliphate that succeeded the Rashidun, expanding rapidly.

Islamic caliphate, known for its golden age of scientific and cultural achievements.

Monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the Quran.

"Struggle" or "effort" in Islam; can be personal striving or defending Islam.

Spread of Islam by military conquest, trade, and cultural exchange.

Expanding an empire by force; major way Islam spread.

Paths for goods and ideas to flow; helped Islam spread.

Spread of ideas, culture, and religion along trade routes.

A period (750-1258) of great learning and achievement in Islam.

Important mathematician who developed algebra

Influential doctor and medical writer.

Important doctor and chemist of the Islamic Golden Age.

The early beginnings of Islam as a religion, tracing back to the Prophet Muhammad's first revelation in Mecca around 610 CE.

The story of the prophet Muhammad, who received revelations from God and established Islam, covering his birth, early life, mission, and legacy.

The core message of Islam, primarily focusing on Tawhid, the belief in one God, Allah, and the path to righteousness.

The expansion of Islam beyond Arabia, with the Caliphate taking over territories through military conquest, trade, and cultural influence.

The first four caliphs (leaders) who followed Prophet Muhammad after his death, overseeing the expansion of the Islamic empire.

The holy book of Islam believed to be God's revealed word through the prophet Muhammad, containing teachings, prayers, and stories.

The process of combining different cultures to create a new and unique one, often in a new context.

A vast and powerful empire that ruled much of the eastern Mediterranean, southeastern Europe, and parts of North Africa for over 600 years.

The significant impact of the Byzantine Empire on the art, architecture, and culture of the Ottoman Empire, especially in the early stages.

The significant impact of Persian culture, language, and administration on the Ottoman Empire, particularly during the reign of the Safavids.

The pervasive influence of Arab culture, language, and religion on the Ottoman Empire, shaping its social and political structure.

A unique style of art blending elements of Byzantine, Persian, and Islamic influences, characterized by intricate details and vibrant colors.

The founder of the Ottoman Empire in 1299. He established a small principality in Anatolia that would eventually grow into a vast empire.

A powerful Ottoman sultan who reigned from 1520 to 1566. He oversaw a period of significant expansion and cultural flourishing of the Ottoman Empire.

A distinctive architectural style characterized by its use of domes, arches, and minarets, reflecting a fusion of Byzantine, Persian, and Islamic aesthetics.

A diverse and flavorful cuisine reflecting the empire's multicultural heritage, with influences from Turkish, Greek, Balkan, and Middle Eastern traditions.

Elite military force of the Ottoman Empire, known for their dedication and fighting skills. They were recruited from Christian boys and served as the sultan's personal army.

The Ottoman Empire's policy of allowing different religious groups to practice their faiths freely within their society.

The sultan was the supreme ruler of the Ottoman Empire, holding absolute authority over all aspects of governance, including the military, religion, and law.

High-ranking officials who served as advisors to the sultan in the Ottoman Empire. They managed different aspects of government, like finance, justice, and military affairs.

The Ottoman Empire's successful integration of diverse ethnic groups, fostering a multicultural society where different cultures coexisted.

Autonomous religious communities that were granted freedom of worship within the Ottoman Empire.

The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman forces in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire as a major power.

The Ottoman Empire saw impressive architectural feats, including mosques, palaces, and bridges. The Blue Mosque in Istanbul is a famous and beautiful example.

The core belief in Islam that there is only one God, Allah, and He is unique and has no partners.

The five fundamental practices every Muslim follows: belief in Allah and Muhammad (Shahada), daily prayer (Salat), charity (Zakat), fasting during Ramadan (Sawm), and pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj).

The holy book of Islam, considered the literal word of God as revealed to Prophet Muhammad.

Sayings, actions, and traditions of Prophet Muhammad. They guide Muslims on behavior and Islamic law.

A term which means 'struggle'. It can be inner struggle against sin or a physical defense of the Muslim community.

The ruler of a Maya city-state, known as an Ahau, with significant political and religious power.

A system of government where religious leaders hold significant power, influencing political decisions, often through the king.

A complex system of tracking time based on cycles of the Sun, Moon, and Venus, used for agriculture, rituals, and predictions.

A system of writing using symbols to represent words and ideas, found on monuments and codices.

Massive stone structures built as temples and tombs for rulers and religious leaders, often decorated with carvings and murals.

A significant Maya city known for its impressive architecture, including the Kukulkan Pyramid and astronomical observatory.

The decline of the Maya civilization around 900 CE, marked by the abandonment of major cities and a shift in power.

Possible explanations for the collapse include environmental changes, overpopulation, warfare, and social unrest.

The Maya made significant advancements in astronomy, mathematics, writing, and art, leaving behind a rich cultural legacy.