The Reward System and Dopamine Receptors

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Questions and Answers

What is the contrast phenomenon as it relates to the formation of addictive behavior?

The faster the rate of clearance from the body, the less addictive the drug is

The drug addict begins at a state of misery and withdrawal

The association between drug and feeling better becomes stronger (correct)

The higher the peak of the blood concentration of a drug, the more addictive its use will become

Why is a faster rate of onset more addicting according to the text?

The drug addict begins at a state of misery and withdrawal

The higher the peak of the blood concentration of a drug, the more addictive its use will become

We notice the contrast much more with a higher rate of onset (correct)

The faster the rate of clearance from the body, the less addictive the drug is

Which drug is derived from the poppy plant and is regarded as 'natural'?

Heroin (correct)

Oxycodone

Hydrocodone

Codeine

Which opioid is 2/3rd the potency of morphine?

Hydrocodone Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid is administered as an epidural in labor and delivery?

Fentanyl Signup and view all the answers

What document recommended treating pain aggressively and measuring it at every doctor's visit?

The 5th Vital Sign Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of positive reinforcement in addiction?

Early addiction Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite effect of opiates during withdrawal?

Decreased pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes agonists and antagonists in psychopharmacology?

Agonists increase synaptic activity Signup and view all the answers

What is Step G in the synaptic transmission process?

Enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is the fastest way to get a drug into the blood?

Intravenous (IV) injection Signup and view all the answers

Which company developed Oxycontin 2.0, a more 'abuse-proof' version of the drug?

Purdue Pharma Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the rapid rise in overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

The rise of Fentanyl Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common route of administration for Intraperitoneal (IP) injections?

Research animals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms of drug action involves the drug serving as a precursor to a neurotransmitter?

Agonistic mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms of drug action inhibits the synthesis of neurotransmitters by inactivating the enzymes responsible for synthesizing precursor chemicals?

Antagonistic mechanism inhibiting synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms of drug action prevents the storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles?

Antagonistic mechanism preventing storage Signup and view all the answers

Which method of administration of cocaine has the highest slope of onset with the highest peak concentration?

Intravenous Signup and view all the answers

What is the dose-response curve a graph of?

Magnitude of an effect by the amount of drug taken Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Therapeutic Index (TI)?

TI = LD50 / ED50 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the dose-response curve for euphoria as tolerance develops?

Shifts to the right Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration allows a drug to bypass the stomach and enter the bloodstream directly, without having to be metabolized by the digestive system?

Sublingual administration Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is commonly used for administering vaccines and other general medications through the gluteus maximus and the deltoids?

Intramuscular (IM) injection Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration involves the administration of a drug into the rectum, and is used when an individual is not capable of swallowing a drug or when systemic administration is not optimal?

Intrarectal administration Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is done by inhaling or spraying a substance into the sinus cavities, and is commonly used for anti-allergy drugs like nasacort?

Intranasal administration Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is commonly used for insulin injections?

Subcutaneous Signup and view all the answers

What is the fastest route of administration, with a rapid onset of 2-3 seconds?

Intravenous (IV) Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration involves absorption by the mucous membrane under the tongue and in the cheeks?

Sublingual Signup and view all the answers

Which type of opioid medication was updated to reduce the frequency of pill-popping?

Oxycontin 2.0 Signup and view all the answers

What was the main problem with Oxycontin 1.0 that led to the crisis?

People abused it by breaking the pill open Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the rise of opioid deaths after the introduction of Oxycontin 2.0?

Increased availability of heroin Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in Parkinson's disease and is treated with acetylcholine agonists?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which drug temporarily improves attention and memory in nicotine-naive individuals?

Aricept Signup and view all the answers

Which drug delivery method involves the removal of the skull and can cause brain tissue damage?

Intracerebral drug delivery Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for reward and reinforcement and can lead to addiction when overstimulated?

Mesolimbic system Signup and view all the answers

Which brain system is responsible for reward and reinforcement?

Dopaminergic system Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in Parkinson's Disease?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Nigrostriatal System?

Plays a major role in voluntary movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter produced in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and sent to the Nucleus Accumbens?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned in the text as a key player in neurotransmission?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is NOT used for opiate replacement?

Fentanyl Signup and view all the answers

Which social issue is NOT mentioned as a consequence of the opioid crisis?

Over-treatment of pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT used for pain relief?

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is commonly used for insulin injections?

Subcutaneous Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration involves the administration of a drug into the rectum, and is used when an individual is not capable of swallowing a drug or when systemic administration is not optimal?

Intrarectal Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration allows a drug to bypass the stomach and enter the bloodstream directly, without having to be metabolized by the digestive system?

Oral Signup and view all the answers

Which brain system is responsible for high-level cognitive processes such as attention and working memory?

Mesocortical System Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area produces serotonin?

Raphei Nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in reward and reinforcement?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which brain system is targeted by ADHD medications such as Methylphenidate?

Mesocortical System Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid medication was approved by the FDA in November 2018 and is 1000 times more potent than morphine?

Sufentanyl Signup and view all the answers

What was the main problem with Oxycontin 1.0 that led to the opioid crisis?

It could be easily abused by breaking the pill open Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the rise of opioid deaths after the introduction of Oxycontin 2.0?

Increased availability of heroin Signup and view all the answers

Which document released in the early 2000's recommended aggressive treatment of pain and measuring pain at every doctor's visit?

Pain: The 5th Vital Sign Signup and view all the answers

What was the key factor that precipitated the pendulum swing towards the 'over-treatment' phase of pain?

The release of 'Pain: The 5th Vital Sign' document Signup and view all the answers

What led to the rapid rise of overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

The increase in Fentanyl production Signup and view all the answers

Which drug company developed Oxycontin 2.0, a more 'abuse-proof' version of the drug?

Purdue Pharma Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in functions such as muscle contraction, learning, memory, and REM sleep?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are activated by muscarine and blocked by atropine?

Muscarinic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's by acting as an acetylcholine agonist?

Aricept Signup and view all the answers

Which brain system is responsible for voluntary movement?

Nigrostriatal system Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in reward and reinforcement?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the rapid rise in overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

Increased availability of opioids Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid medication was approved by the FDA in November 2018 and is 1000 times more potent than morphine?

Fentanyl Signup and view all the answers

What is the contrast phenomenon as it relates to the formation of addictive behavior?

The difference in effects between the initial drug use and subsequent drug use Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following opioids is commonly used for end-stage cancer treatment?

Morphine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned in the text as being targeted by stimulants?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antidepressant is NOT mentioned in the text?

NRI Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotransmitters in synaptic mechanisms?

Protection from excitotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacology and Social Issues in Drug Use and Treatment

Different medications are used for various purposes, such as opiate replacement, pain relief, and treatment of conditions like Tourette's Syndrome.
Stimulants like Methylphenidate, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and Caffeine target the Mesocortical System, particularly in ADHD treatment.
Antipsychotics like Chlorpromazine are prescribed to schizophrenic patients, while antidepressants like Tricyclics and MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors) are used for depression treatment.
Botulinum Toxin (Botox) is used for cosmetic purposes, Tourette's Syndrome, spasms, and in dentistry to reduce bleeding.
Antihistamines are categorized into drowsy and non-drowsy types, and beta blockers are used to treat anxiety and high blood pressure.
The mechanisms of drug action involve presynaptic and postsynaptic effects, with agonists and antagonists influencing neurotransmitter release, reuptake, and receptors.
Key players in neurotransmission include neurotransmitters like Glutamate, ions like Calcium and Sodium, and receptors like AMPA and NMDA.
Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are mechanisms that regulate synaptic strength and plasticity.
The onset and clearance of drugs have an impact on addiction, reinforcing the positive or negative effects of drug use.
Tolerance and sensitization are two phenomena that affect drug effectiveness, with resorption of receptors and neural mechanisms involved.
The neural mechanisms of neurotransmitter synthesis, packaging, release, reuptake, and degradation are influenced by drug mechanisms.
Excitotoxicity refers to the damage caused by over-excitation, leading to the resorption of receptors as a protective mechanism.

Social Issues:

The opioid crisis emerged due to the under-treatment of pain in the 1980s, followed by the over-prescription of opioids as pain became the 5th vital sign.
The recommendation to aggressively treat pain with oxycodone led to patient addiction, doctor shopping, theft, and the emergence of Oxycontin by Purdue Pharma.

Development of the Opioid Crisis

Various opioids are used for opiate replacement, pain management, labor and delivery, and end-stage cancer treatment.
Stimulants like methylphenidate, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, and caffeine target the Mesocortical System, which is associated with ADHD.
Antipsychotics like chlorpromazine, a dopamine D2 receptor blocker, are prescribed for schizophrenia treatment.
Antidepressants can be old (tricyclics, MAOI) or new (SSRI, SNRI, NRI) and are used to treat depression.
Botulinum toxin (Botox) is used for cosmetic purposes, Tourette's Syndrome, spasms, and dentistry.
Antihistamines can be drowsy or non-drowsy and are used for allergy relief.
Beta blockers treat physical symptoms of anxiety and high blood pressure by blocking norepinephrine and epinephrine action.
Neurotransmitters like glutamate, ions like calcium and sodium, and receptors like AMPA and NMDA play key roles in synaptic mechanisms.
Addiction involves fast drug onset and clearance, positive/negative reinforcement, withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, and sensitization.
Neural mechanisms involve the synthesis, packaging, release, reuptake, and breakdown of neurotransmitters.
Drug mechanisms can be presynaptic (agonists, antagonists) or postsynaptic (competitive/non-competitive, partial/full action).
Regulatory mechanisms include protection from excitotoxicity through receptor resorption and dose-response curves determine the effects and safety of drugs.

Studying That Suits You

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Test your knowledge on the reward system and dopamine receptors with this quiz! Discover how stimuli and rewards affect our motivation and functioning, and learn about the impact of substances like heroin on our synapses.

The Reward System and Dopamine Receptors

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Questions and Answers

What is the contrast phenomenon as it relates to the formation of addictive behavior?

Why is a faster rate of onset more addicting according to the text?

Which drug is derived from the poppy plant and is regarded as 'natural'?

Which opioid is 2/3rd the potency of morphine?

Which opioid is administered as an epidural in labor and delivery?

What document recommended treating pain aggressively and measuring it at every doctor's visit?

Which of the following is a form of positive reinforcement in addiction?

What is the opposite effect of opiates during withdrawal?

Which of the following best describes agonists and antagonists in psychopharmacology?

What is Step G in the synaptic transmission process?

Which route of administration is the fastest way to get a drug into the blood?

Which company developed Oxycontin 2.0, a more 'abuse-proof' version of the drug?

What is the main reason for the rapid rise in overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

What is the most common route of administration for Intraperitoneal (IP) injections?

Which of the following mechanisms of drug action involves the drug serving as a precursor to a neurotransmitter?

Which of the following mechanisms of drug action inhibits the synthesis of neurotransmitters by inactivating the enzymes responsible for synthesizing precursor chemicals?

Which of the following mechanisms of drug action prevents the storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles?

Which method of administration of cocaine has the highest slope of onset with the highest peak concentration?

What is the dose-response curve a graph of?

What is the formula for Therapeutic Index (TI)?

What happens to the dose-response curve for euphoria as tolerance develops?

Which route of administration allows a drug to bypass the stomach and enter the bloodstream directly, without having to be metabolized by the digestive system?

Which route of administration is commonly used for administering vaccines and other general medications through the gluteus maximus and the deltoids?

Which route of administration involves the administration of a drug into the rectum, and is used when an individual is not capable of swallowing a drug or when systemic administration is not optimal?

Which route of administration is done by inhaling or spraying a substance into the sinus cavities, and is commonly used for anti-allergy drugs like nasacort?

Which route of administration is commonly used for insulin injections?

What is the fastest route of administration, with a rapid onset of 2-3 seconds?

Which route of administration involves absorption by the mucous membrane under the tongue and in the cheeks?

Which type of opioid medication was updated to reduce the frequency of pill-popping?

What was the main problem with Oxycontin 1.0 that led to the crisis?

What contributed to the rise of opioid deaths after the introduction of Oxycontin 2.0?

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in Parkinson's disease and is treated with acetylcholine agonists?

Which drug temporarily improves attention and memory in nicotine-naive individuals?

Which drug delivery method involves the removal of the skull and can cause brain tissue damage?

Which system is responsible for reward and reinforcement and can lead to addiction when overstimulated?

Which brain system is responsible for reward and reinforcement?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in Parkinson's Disease?

What is the main function of the Nigrostriatal System?

What is the primary neurotransmitter produced in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and sent to the Nucleus Accumbens?

Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned in the text as a key player in neurotransmission?

Which of the following medications is NOT used for opiate replacement?

Which social issue is NOT mentioned as a consequence of the opioid crisis?

Which of the following drugs is NOT used for pain relief?

Which route of administration is commonly used for insulin injections?

Which route of administration involves the administration of a drug into the rectum, and is used when an individual is not capable of swallowing a drug or when systemic administration is not optimal?

Which route of administration allows a drug to bypass the stomach and enter the bloodstream directly, without having to be metabolized by the digestive system?

Which brain system is responsible for high-level cognitive processes such as attention and working memory?

Which brain area produces serotonin?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in reward and reinforcement?

Which brain system is targeted by ADHD medications such as Methylphenidate?

Which opioid medication was approved by the FDA in November 2018 and is 1000 times more potent than morphine?

What was the main problem with Oxycontin 1.0 that led to the opioid crisis?

What contributed to the rise of opioid deaths after the introduction of Oxycontin 2.0?

Which document released in the early 2000's recommended aggressive treatment of pain and measuring pain at every doctor's visit?

What was the key factor that precipitated the pendulum swing towards the 'over-treatment' phase of pain?

What led to the rapid rise of overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

Which drug company developed Oxycontin 2.0, a more 'abuse-proof' version of the drug?

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in functions such as muscle contraction, learning, memory, and REM sleep?

Which receptors are activated by muscarine and blocked by atropine?

Which drug is used to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's by acting as an acetylcholine agonist?

Which brain system is responsible for voluntary movement?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in reward and reinforcement?

What is the main reason for the rapid rise in overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

Which opioid medication was approved by the FDA in November 2018 and is 1000 times more potent than morphine?

What is the contrast phenomenon as it relates to the formation of addictive behavior?

Which of the following opioids is commonly used for end-stage cancer treatment?

Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned in the text as being targeted by stimulants?

Which type of antidepressant is NOT mentioned in the text?

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotransmitters in synaptic mechanisms?

Study Notes

Studying That Suits You

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