The Reward System and Dopamine Receptors
69 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the contrast phenomenon as it relates to the formation of addictive behavior?

  • The faster the rate of clearance from the body, the less addictive the drug is
  • The drug addict begins at a state of misery and withdrawal
  • The association between drug and feeling better becomes stronger (correct)
  • The higher the peak of the blood concentration of a drug, the more addictive its use will become

    • Why is a faster rate of onset more addicting according to the text?

  • The drug addict begins at a state of misery and withdrawal
  • The higher the peak of the blood concentration of a drug, the more addictive its use will become
  • We notice the contrast much more with a higher rate of onset (correct)
  • The faster the rate of clearance from the body, the less addictive the drug is

    • Which drug is derived from the poppy plant and is regarded as 'natural'?

  • Heroin (correct)
  • Oxycodone
  • Hydrocodone
  • Codeine

    • Which opioid is 2/3rd the potency of morphine?

    <p>Hydrocodone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid is administered as an epidural in labor and delivery?

    <p>Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document recommended treating pain aggressively and measuring it at every doctor's visit?

    <p>The 5th Vital Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a form of positive reinforcement in addiction?

    <p>Early addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite effect of opiates during withdrawal?

    <p>Decreased pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes agonists and antagonists in psychopharmacology?

    <p>Agonists increase synaptic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Step G in the synaptic transmission process?

    <p>Enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is the fastest way to get a drug into the blood?

    <p>Intravenous (IV) injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company developed Oxycontin 2.0, a more 'abuse-proof' version of the drug?

    <p>Purdue Pharma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the rapid rise in overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

    <p>The rise of Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common route of administration for Intraperitoneal (IP) injections?

    <p>Research animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms of drug action involves the drug serving as a precursor to a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Agonistic mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms of drug action inhibits the synthesis of neurotransmitters by inactivating the enzymes responsible for synthesizing precursor chemicals?

    <p>Antagonistic mechanism inhibiting synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms of drug action prevents the storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles?

    <p>Antagonistic mechanism preventing storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of administration of cocaine has the highest slope of onset with the highest peak concentration?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dose-response curve a graph of?

    <p>Magnitude of an effect by the amount of drug taken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Therapeutic Index (TI)?

    <p>TI = LD50 / ED50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dose-response curve for euphoria as tolerance develops?

    <p>Shifts to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration allows a drug to bypass the stomach and enter the bloodstream directly, without having to be metabolized by the digestive system?

    <p>Sublingual administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is commonly used for administering vaccines and other general medications through the gluteus maximus and the deltoids?

    <p>Intramuscular (IM) injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration involves the administration of a drug into the rectum, and is used when an individual is not capable of swallowing a drug or when systemic administration is not optimal?

    <p>Intrarectal administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is done by inhaling or spraying a substance into the sinus cavities, and is commonly used for anti-allergy drugs like nasacort?

    <p>Intranasal administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is commonly used for insulin injections?

    <p>Subcutaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fastest route of administration, with a rapid onset of 2-3 seconds?

    <p>Intravenous (IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration involves absorption by the mucous membrane under the tongue and in the cheeks?

    <p>Sublingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of opioid medication was updated to reduce the frequency of pill-popping?

    <p>Oxycontin 2.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main problem with Oxycontin 1.0 that led to the crisis?

    <p>People abused it by breaking the pill open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the rise of opioid deaths after the introduction of Oxycontin 2.0?

    <p>Increased availability of heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is implicated in Parkinson's disease and is treated with acetylcholine agonists?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug temporarily improves attention and memory in nicotine-naive individuals?

    <p>Aricept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug delivery method involves the removal of the skull and can cause brain tissue damage?

    <p>Intracerebral drug delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for reward and reinforcement and can lead to addiction when overstimulated?

    <p>Mesolimbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain system is responsible for reward and reinforcement?

    <p>Dopaminergic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Nigrostriatal System?

    <p>Plays a major role in voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter produced in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and sent to the Nucleus Accumbens?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned in the text as a key player in neurotransmission?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is NOT used for opiate replacement?

    <p>Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social issue is NOT mentioned as a consequence of the opioid crisis?

    <p>Over-treatment of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT used for pain relief?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is commonly used for insulin injections?

    <p>Subcutaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration involves the administration of a drug into the rectum, and is used when an individual is not capable of swallowing a drug or when systemic administration is not optimal?

    <p>Intrarectal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration allows a drug to bypass the stomach and enter the bloodstream directly, without having to be metabolized by the digestive system?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain system is responsible for high-level cognitive processes such as attention and working memory?

    <p>Mesocortical System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area produces serotonin?

    <p>Raphei Nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in reward and reinforcement?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain system is targeted by ADHD medications such as Methylphenidate?

    <p>Mesocortical System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid medication was approved by the FDA in November 2018 and is 1000 times more potent than morphine?

    <p>Sufentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main problem with Oxycontin 1.0 that led to the opioid crisis?

    <p>It could be easily abused by breaking the pill open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the rise of opioid deaths after the introduction of Oxycontin 2.0?

    <p>Increased availability of heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document released in the early 2000's recommended aggressive treatment of pain and measuring pain at every doctor's visit?

    <p>Pain: The 5th Vital Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key factor that precipitated the pendulum swing towards the 'over-treatment' phase of pain?

    <p>The release of 'Pain: The 5th Vital Sign' document</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the rapid rise of overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

    <p>The increase in Fentanyl production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug company developed Oxycontin 2.0, a more 'abuse-proof' version of the drug?

    <p>Purdue Pharma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter plays a role in functions such as muscle contraction, learning, memory, and REM sleep?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are activated by muscarine and blocked by atropine?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's by acting as an acetylcholine agonist?

    <p>Aricept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain system is responsible for voluntary movement?

    <p>Nigrostriatal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in reward and reinforcement?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the rapid rise in overdose deaths in the opioid epidemic?

    <p>Increased availability of opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid medication was approved by the FDA in November 2018 and is 1000 times more potent than morphine?

    <p>Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contrast phenomenon as it relates to the formation of addictive behavior?

    <p>The difference in effects between the initial drug use and subsequent drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opioids is commonly used for end-stage cancer treatment?

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned in the text as being targeted by stimulants?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antidepressant is NOT mentioned in the text?

    <p>NRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotransmitters in synaptic mechanisms?

    <p>Protection from excitotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology and Social Issues in Drug Use and Treatment

    • Different medications are used for various purposes, such as opiate replacement, pain relief, and treatment of conditions like Tourette's Syndrome.
    • Stimulants like Methylphenidate, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and Caffeine target the Mesocortical System, particularly in ADHD treatment.
    • Antipsychotics like Chlorpromazine are prescribed to schizophrenic patients, while antidepressants like Tricyclics and MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors) are used for depression treatment.
    • Botulinum Toxin (Botox) is used for cosmetic purposes, Tourette's Syndrome, spasms, and in dentistry to reduce bleeding.
    • Antihistamines are categorized into drowsy and non-drowsy types, and beta blockers are used to treat anxiety and high blood pressure.
    • The mechanisms of drug action involve presynaptic and postsynaptic effects, with agonists and antagonists influencing neurotransmitter release, reuptake, and receptors.
    • Key players in neurotransmission include neurotransmitters like Glutamate, ions like Calcium and Sodium, and receptors like AMPA and NMDA.
    • Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are mechanisms that regulate synaptic strength and plasticity.
    • The onset and clearance of drugs have an impact on addiction, reinforcing the positive or negative effects of drug use.
    • Tolerance and sensitization are two phenomena that affect drug effectiveness, with resorption of receptors and neural mechanisms involved.
    • The neural mechanisms of neurotransmitter synthesis, packaging, release, reuptake, and degradation are influenced by drug mechanisms.
    • Excitotoxicity refers to the damage caused by over-excitation, leading to the resorption of receptors as a protective mechanism.

    Social Issues:

    • The opioid crisis emerged due to the under-treatment of pain in the 1980s, followed by the over-prescription of opioids as pain became the 5th vital sign.
    • The recommendation to aggressively treat pain with oxycodone led to patient addiction, doctor shopping, theft, and the emergence of Oxycontin by Purdue Pharma.

    Development of the Opioid Crisis

    • Various opioids are used for opiate replacement, pain management, labor and delivery, and end-stage cancer treatment.
    • Stimulants like methylphenidate, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, and caffeine target the Mesocortical System, which is associated with ADHD.
    • Antipsychotics like chlorpromazine, a dopamine D2 receptor blocker, are prescribed for schizophrenia treatment.
    • Antidepressants can be old (tricyclics, MAOI) or new (SSRI, SNRI, NRI) and are used to treat depression.
    • Botulinum toxin (Botox) is used for cosmetic purposes, Tourette's Syndrome, spasms, and dentistry.
    • Antihistamines can be drowsy or non-drowsy and are used for allergy relief.
    • Beta blockers treat physical symptoms of anxiety and high blood pressure by blocking norepinephrine and epinephrine action.
    • Neurotransmitters like glutamate, ions like calcium and sodium, and receptors like AMPA and NMDA play key roles in synaptic mechanisms.
    • Addiction involves fast drug onset and clearance, positive/negative reinforcement, withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, and sensitization.
    • Neural mechanisms involve the synthesis, packaging, release, reuptake, and breakdown of neurotransmitters.
    • Drug mechanisms can be presynaptic (agonists, antagonists) or postsynaptic (competitive/non-competitive, partial/full action).
    • Regulatory mechanisms include protection from excitotoxicity through receptor resorption and dose-response curves determine the effects and safety of drugs.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the reward system and dopamine receptors with this quiz! Discover how stimuli and rewards affect our motivation and functioning, and learn about the impact of substances like heroin on our synapses.

    More Like This

    The Power of Random Rewards
    3 questions

    The Power of Random Rewards

    WellEstablishedMoldavite avatar
    WellEstablishedMoldavite
    The Rewards of Giving
    14 questions

    The Rewards of Giving

    JoyfulSugilite avatar
    JoyfulSugilite
    The Power of Rewards
    30 questions

    Quiz on Reward Power Dynamics

    Reusl avatar
    Reusl
    Psychology Lecture 30: The Reward Circuit
    26 questions

    Psychology Lecture 30: The Reward Circuit

    JudiciousSugilite7733 avatar
    JudiciousSugilite7733
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser