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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of external respiration?
What is the primary function of external respiration?
What is one of the primary functions of the pharynx?
What is one of the primary functions of the pharynx?
What occurs during the inspiration phase of respiration?
What occurs during the inspiration phase of respiration?
How does air passing through the nasal cavity get conditioned?
How does air passing through the nasal cavity get conditioned?
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How do negative emotions, such as fear, impact breathing?
How do negative emotions, such as fear, impact breathing?
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What protects the respiratory tract from ingested materials?
What protects the respiratory tract from ingested materials?
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Which physiological changes are associated with emotions affecting breathing?
Which physiological changes are associated with emotions affecting breathing?
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Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for sound production?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for sound production?
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What is a common physiological response during hyperventilation?
What is a common physiological response during hyperventilation?
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What features constitute the strength and resilience of the trachea?
What features constitute the strength and resilience of the trachea?
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Study Notes
The Respiratory System
- Respiration is a complex process involving four main steps:
- Exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs (breathing).
- Exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the lungs and blood.
- Transport of O2 and CO2 by the blood.
- Exchange of gases between blood and the cells.
Respiration Objectives
- Discuss the process of respiration.
- Understand the functional organizations of the respiratory system.
- Identify the functions of respiratory system structures.
- Discuss asthma as an example of a homeostatic imbalance.
- Identify the components of the respiratory membrane.
- Understand the physical properties of the lungs.
- Discuss the mechanics of breathing.
- Discuss modified breathing movements.
Respiration Types
- Cellular respiration: A metabolic process within the cell's mitochondria to produce energy (ATP).
- External respiration: Exchange of gases between the atmosphere & lungs.
- Internal respiration: Exchange of gases between the blood and body cells
The Journey of Air Through the Respiratory System
-
Nose and Nasal Cavity:
- Warms, filters, and moistens inhaled air.
- Hairs and mucous membranes filter.
- Blood vessels in nasal capillaries warm air.
-
Pharynx:
- Passageway for air and food.
- Three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
- Helps in speech sound resonance.
-
Larynx (Voice Box):
- Connects the pharynx to the trachea.
- Prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract (epiglottis).
- Produces sound for speech.
-
Trachea:
- Connects the larynx to the bronchi.
- Supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings for structural strength and flexibility.
- Contains goblet cells which produce mucus to trap particles and pathogens
- Contains cilia that sweep inhaled particles upwards towards the throat.
-
Bronchi:
- Two main branches, right and left, leading into the lungs.
- Cartilage provides support.
- Divides into smaller branches as they enter the lungs, eventually becoming bronchioles.
-
Bronchioles:
- No cartilage, but have smooth muscle for dilation/constriction.
- Regulates the amount of air reaching alveoli.
-
Alveoli:
- Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
- Surfactant-coating prevents collapse.
- Form the respiratory zone.
Respiratory Membrane
- Consists of alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and fused basement membranes.
- Allows for efficient gas exchange (O2 into blood, CO2 out of blood).
Asthma
- Asthma: Chronic respiratory disease causing airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus secretion.
- Triggers: Environmental factors (dust, pollen), changes in weather, mold, tobacco smoke, respiratory infections, exercises
Lung Structure/Function
- The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior).
- The left lung has two lobes (superior, inferior).
Physical Properties of the Lungs
- Compliance: How easily the lungs expand under pressure.
- Elasticity: Tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after being stretched.
Mechanics of Inspiration and Expiration
- Air flow is based on pressure differences.
- Breathing involves changes in thoracic volume to alter pressure
- Inhalation increases thoracic volume, decreasing alveolar pressure, drawing air into the lungs.
- Exhalation decreases thoracic volume, increasing alveolar pressure, expelling air from the lungs.
Pulmonary Fibrosis
- A condition where lung tissue becomes scarred and stiff.
- Decreased lung compliance.
Modified Breathing Movements
- Crying: Involves convulsive exhalations with specific facial expressions.
- Laughing: Also involves inhalation followed by exhalations but with different rhythm & expressions.
- Yawning and Sighing: Other types of modified breathing.
Smoking and the Lungs
- Smoking causes emphysema.
- Emphysema: Lung disease characterized by damaged alveoli, loss of elasticity, and difficulty breathing.
- Smoking inhibits tissue regeneration in lungs
Surfactant and Premature Babies
- Pulmonary surfactant is a substance produced in the alveoli to prevent collapse.
- Premature babies may not produce enough surfactant, causing respiratory distress syndrome.
- Treatment involves exogenous surfactant administration.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system's functions and processes. This quiz covers respiration types, mechanics of breathing, and specific disorders such as asthma. Explore the complex interactions that enable efficient gas exchange in the human body.
