Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which bones form the roof of the nose?
Which bones form the roof of the nose?
- Ethmoid bone, frontal bone, sphenoid bone, nasal bones (correct)
- Maxilla, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, nasal bones, frontal bone
- Maxilla, palatine bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone
- Palatine bones, sphenoid bone, frontal bone, maxilla
What increases the surface area of the nasal mucous membrane?
What increases the surface area of the nasal mucous membrane?
- Three turbinated bones (conchae) projecting laterally
- Ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells
- Involuntary muscle of the soft palate
- Three turbinated bones (conchae) projecting medially (correct)
What type of cells are found in the mucous membrane lining of each nasal cavity?
What type of cells are found in the mucous membrane lining of each nasal cavity?
- Ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells (correct)
- Stratified columnar epithelium and ciliated cuboidal cells
- Stratified squamous epithelium and goblet cells
- Simple cuboidal epithelium and goblet cells
Which bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?
Which bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?
To which of the following does the term 'cribriform plate' belong?
To which of the following does the term 'cribriform plate' belong?
What forms the back of the septum in the nasal cavities?
What forms the back of the septum in the nasal cavities?
Which bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
Which bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
What forms the front portion of the hard palate in the nasal cavity?
What forms the front portion of the hard palate in the nasal cavity?
How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange facilitated in the alveoli?
How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange facilitated in the alveoli?
Which structures form the entrances to the nasal cavities?
Which structures form the entrances to the nasal cavities?
What do the posterior nares constitute?
What do the posterior nares constitute?
Which of the following sinuses is NOT part of the paranasal sinuses?
Which of the following sinuses is NOT part of the paranasal sinuses?
What are the olfactory structures?
What are the olfactory structures?
Where are the paranasal sinuses located?
Where are the paranasal sinuses located?
Which step in the respiratory and circulatory system involves gas exchange between the blood and body cells?
Which step in the respiratory and circulatory system involves gas exchange between the blood and body cells?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases?
What is the primary function of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the respiratory system?
Which organs are included in the lower respiratory tract?
Which organs are included in the lower respiratory tract?
In addition to gas exchange, what other functions does the respiratory system perform?
In addition to gas exchange, what other functions does the respiratory system perform?
Which part of the upper respiratory tract is shared with the digestive system?
Which part of the upper respiratory tract is shared with the digestive system?
Which respiratory process is directly linked to the production of energy in body cells?
Which respiratory process is directly linked to the production of energy in body cells?
Which statement is true about the divisions of the respiratory system?
Which statement is true about the divisions of the respiratory system?
Which type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
Which type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
Where does the laryngopharynx extend from and to?
Where does the laryngopharynx extend from and to?
Which layer of the pharynx contains the constrictor muscles?
Which layer of the pharynx contains the constrictor muscles?
Which vertebrae levels correspond to the laryngopharynx?
Which vertebrae levels correspond to the laryngopharynx?
Which is true about the middle fibrous layer of the pharynx?
Which is true about the middle fibrous layer of the pharynx?
The larynx is located between the root of the tongue and which of these structures?
The larynx is located between the root of the tongue and which of these structures?
At what cervical vertebral levels does the larynx normally lie in adults?
At what cervical vertebral levels does the larynx normally lie in adults?
How does the larynx change after puberty in males compared to females?
How does the larynx change after puberty in males compared to females?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main cartilages of the larynx?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main cartilages of the larynx?
What type of membrane lines the larynx?
What type of membrane lines the larynx?
Where are the olfactory receptors predominantly located?
Where are the olfactory receptors predominantly located?
Which sinuses are located in the roof of the nose?
Which sinuses are located in the roof of the nose?
How is the sense of smell detected by the nose?
How is the sense of smell detected by the nose?
What is the primary function of the nasolacrimal ducts?
What is the primary function of the nasolacrimal ducts?
Which nerve carries impulses generated by the olfactory receptors?
Which nerve carries impulses generated by the olfactory receptors?
What is the length of the pharynx?
What is the length of the pharynx?
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
Up to what age are the pharyngeal tonsils most prominent?
Up to what age are the pharyngeal tonsils most prominent?
What anatomical structure connects to the middle ear via the nasopharynx?
What anatomical structure connects to the middle ear via the nasopharynx?
At which vertebral level does the oropharynx extend to?
At which vertebral level does the oropharynx extend to?
How many anatomical divisions does the pharynx have?
How many anatomical divisions does the pharynx have?
Which part of the larynx helps to close it during swallowing?
Which part of the larynx helps to close it during swallowing?
Which vocal cords are responsible for sound production?
Which vocal cords are responsible for sound production?
During which activity are the true vocal cords abducted?
During which activity are the true vocal cords abducted?
What covers the opening of the larynx when swallowing?
What covers the opening of the larynx when swallowing?
Where are the true vocal cords attached anteriorly?
Where are the true vocal cords attached anteriorly?
Which cartilage is connected to the false vocal cords?
Which cartilage is connected to the false vocal cords?
What transforms sound waves produced by the true vocal cords into words?
What transforms sound waves produced by the true vocal cords into words?
In the diagram, how are the true vocal cords positioned when a person is speaking?
In the diagram, how are the true vocal cords positioned when a person is speaking?
What is the length of the trachea?
What is the length of the trachea?
Which of the following correctly describes the location of the trachea?
Which of the following correctly describes the location of the trachea?
What is the function of the incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea?
What is the function of the incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea?
Which layer is NOT a component of the tracheal wall?
Which layer is NOT a component of the tracheal wall?
Which is a characteristic of the right primary bronchus compared to the left bronchus?
Which is a characteristic of the right primary bronchus compared to the left bronchus?
What is the primary type of tissue that encloses the tracheal cartilages in the outer layer?
What is the primary type of tissue that encloses the tracheal cartilages in the outer layer?
Study Notes
The Respiratory System
- The respiratory system's function is to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Breathing
- Most cells in the body cannot exchange gases directly with the air; they need oxygen from the blood.
- The exchange of gases occurs between the blood and cells through 4 steps:
- External Respiration
- Gas Transport
- Internal Respiration
- Cellular Respiration
The Respiratory System (except alveoli)
- All parts of the respiratory system, except alveoli, act as airways.
- The exchange of gases only occurs from the walls of alveoli and the alveolar ducts that open into them.
The Respiratory System (additional functions)
- The respiratory system filters, humidifies, and warms the air we breathe.
- It also plays a crucial role in regulating the body's pH.
Organs of the Respiratory System
- The upper respiratory tract includes:
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Two bronchi (one bronchus to each lung)
- Bronchioles and smaller air passages
- And their coverings (the pleura)
- The lower respiratory tract includes:
- Mucles of retration
- The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
The Respiratory System (upper and lower tracts)
- The respiratory system can be divided into the upper and lower tracts.
- The upper respiratory tract is located outside the thorax and includes the pharynx and larynx.
- The lower respiratory tract is located within the thorax and includes the trachea, all segments of the bronchial tree (bronchi to alveoli), and lungs.
Nose and Nasal Cavities
- The nasal cavity is a large, irregular cavity separated by a midline partition (the septum) into right and left cavities.
- The septum consists of hyaline cartilage in the front and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer below.
- The nasal cavity is lined with columnar epithelium that is plentifully supplied with goblet cells.
The Nasal Cavity (structure)
- Roof: Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and nasal bones
- Floor:
- Hard palate (anterior): Maxilla (upper jaw) and palatine bones
- Soft palate (posterior): Involuntary muscle
- Lining: Ciliated columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells
- The surface area is increased by the presence of three turbinated bones (conchae): upper, middle, and lower.
Openings into the Nasal Cavity
- Anterior nares (nostrils): entrances to the nasal cavities
- Posterior nares: situated at the back of the nasal cavities, forming the entrance to the pharynx (nasopharynx)
The Paranasal Sinuses
- Cavities containing air, located in the bones of the face and cranium
- Tiny openings connect the sinuses with the nasal cavities
- The sinuses include:
- Maxillary sinus
- Frontal sinus
- Ethmoid sinus
- Sphenoid sinus
The Olfactory Structures
- Olfactory bulb
- Olfactory epithelium
- Olfactory (Schneiderian) nerve
Pharynx
- The pharynx, or throat, is a tube-like structure about 13 cm long that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus
- The pharynx has three anatomical divisions:
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Pharynx (structure)
- Three layers:
- Inner mucous membrane lining
- Middle fibrous layer
- Outer muscular layer
Laryngopharynx
- Lies behind the larynx and extends from the hyoid bone above to the esophagus below
Larynx
- The larynx, or voice box, lies between the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone above to the upper end of the trachea below
- It is located in front of the laryngopharynx at the level of the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae
Structure of the Larynx
- The larynx consists largely of irregularly shaped cartilages that are attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles, ligaments, and membranes
- The main cartilages of the larynx are:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Two arytenoid cartilages
- Epiglottis
Interior of the Larynx
- The larynx is composed of two pairs of horizontal vocal folds:
- False vocal cords
- True vocal cords
Diagram of the Interior of the Larynx
- The diagram shows a diagram of the interior of the larynx viewed from above
- The false vocal cords are located above the true vocal cords and are attached to the arytenoid cartilage
- The true vocal cords are attached to the thyroid cartilage
- The epiglottis is a small flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx when swallowing
Trachea
- The trachea, or windpipe, is a continuation of the larynx downwards to the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into the right and left primary bronchi
- It is about 10-12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter
Structure of the Trachea
- The trachea is composed of 16-20 incomplete, horizontal rings of hyaline cartilage
- The layers in the wall of the trachea are:
- Outer layer: fibrous and elastic tissue
- Middle layer: hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, and some areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels and autonomic nerves
The Right Primary Bronchus
- The right primary bronchus is wider than the left bronchus and is about 2.5 cm long
- After entering the lung, it divides into smaller branches, one to each lobe of the lung with many smaller branches
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Description
Learn about the respiratory system's function to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide, and how cells exchange gases with the blood.