The Respiratory System

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Questions and Answers

Which bones form the roof of the nose?

Ethmoid bone, frontal bone, sphenoid bone, nasal bones (correct)

Maxilla, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, nasal bones, frontal bone

Maxilla, palatine bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone

Palatine bones, sphenoid bone, frontal bone, maxilla

What increases the surface area of the nasal mucous membrane?

Three turbinated bones (conchae) projecting laterally

Ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells

Involuntary muscle of the soft palate

Three turbinated bones (conchae) projecting medially (correct)

What type of cells are found in the mucous membrane lining of each nasal cavity?

Ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells (correct)

Stratified columnar epithelium and ciliated cuboidal cells

Stratified squamous epithelium and goblet cells

Simple cuboidal epithelium and goblet cells

Which bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?

Maxilla and palatine bones for the hard palate, soft palate composed of involuntary muscle Signup and view all the answers

To which of the following does the term 'cribriform plate' belong?

Ethmoid bone Signup and view all the answers

What forms the back of the septum in the nasal cavities?

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Ethmoid bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

Columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What forms the front portion of the hard palate in the nasal cavity?

Maxilla Signup and view all the answers

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange facilitated in the alveoli?

Through the walls of the alveolar sacs Signup and view all the answers

Which structures form the entrances to the nasal cavities?

Anterior nares Signup and view all the answers

What do the posterior nares constitute?

Entrance to the pharynx Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sinuses is NOT part of the paranasal sinuses?

Olfactory Signup and view all the answers

What are the olfactory structures?

Olfactory bulb, Olfactory epithelium, Olfactory (Schneiderian) Nerve Signup and view all the answers

Where are the paranasal sinuses located?

In the bones of face and cranium Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the respiratory and circulatory system involves gas exchange between the blood and body cells?

Internal Respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the respiratory system?

Facilitating breathing movements Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are included in the lower respiratory tract?

Trachea and lungs Signup and view all the answers

In addition to gas exchange, what other functions does the respiratory system perform?

Filters and warms air Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the upper respiratory tract is shared with the digestive system?

Pharynx Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory process is directly linked to the production of energy in body cells?

Cellular Respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the divisions of the respiratory system?

The lower respiratory tract includes the bronchi and lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

Ciliated columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Where does the laryngopharynx extend from and to?

From the hyoid bone to the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the pharynx contains the constrictor muscles?

Outer muscular layer Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrae levels correspond to the laryngopharynx?

3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about the middle fibrous layer of the pharynx?

It is thinner in the nasopharynx than in other parts Signup and view all the answers

The larynx is located between the root of the tongue and which of these structures?

The upper end of the trachea Signup and view all the answers

At what cervical vertebral levels does the larynx normally lie in adults?

3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

How does the larynx change after puberty in males compared to females?

It grows larger in males Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the main cartilages of the larynx?

Hyoid cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane lines the larynx?

Ciliated mucous membrane Signup and view all the answers

Where are the olfactory receptors predominantly located?

In the upper part of the nasal cavities Signup and view all the answers

Which sinuses are located in the roof of the nose?

Sphenoidal sinuses Signup and view all the answers

How is the sense of smell detected by the nose?

Through chemoreceptors in the cribriform plate and superior conchae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasolacrimal ducts?

Convey tears from the conjunctival sacs of the eye Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve carries impulses generated by the olfactory receptors?

Olfactory nerve (1st cranial nerve) Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the pharynx?

13cm Signup and view all the answers

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

On the posterior wall of the nasopharynx Signup and view all the answers

Up to what age are the pharyngeal tonsils most prominent?

7 years Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure connects to the middle ear via the nasopharynx?

Auditory tubes Signup and view all the answers

At which vertebral level does the oropharynx extend to?

Third cervical vertebra Signup and view all the answers

How many anatomical divisions does the pharynx have?

Three Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the larynx helps to close it during swallowing?

False vocal cords Signup and view all the answers

Which vocal cords are responsible for sound production?

True vocal cords Signup and view all the answers

During which activity are the true vocal cords abducted?

Breathing Signup and view all the answers

What covers the opening of the larynx when swallowing?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

Where are the true vocal cords attached anteriorly?

Laryngeal prominence Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage is connected to the false vocal cords?

Arytenoid cartilages Signup and view all the answers

What transforms sound waves produced by the true vocal cords into words?

Pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lips Signup and view all the answers

In the diagram, how are the true vocal cords positioned when a person is speaking?

Adducted Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the trachea?

10-12 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the location of the trachea?

Anterior to the esophagus and behind the arch of the aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage in the trachea?

To allow expansion of the esophagus into the trachea during swallowing Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is NOT a component of the tracheal wall?

Posterior muscularis layer Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of the right primary bronchus compared to the left bronchus?

It is wider and shorter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of tissue that encloses the tracheal cartilages in the outer layer?

Fibrous and elastic tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system's function is to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide as a waste product.

Breathing

Most cells in the body cannot exchange gases directly with the air; they need oxygen from the blood.
The exchange of gases occurs between the blood and cells through 4 steps:
- External Respiration
- Gas Transport
- Internal Respiration
- Cellular Respiration

The Respiratory System (except alveoli)

All parts of the respiratory system, except alveoli, act as airways.
The exchange of gases only occurs from the walls of alveoli and the alveolar ducts that open into them.

The Respiratory System (additional functions)

The respiratory system filters, humidifies, and warms the air we breathe.
It also plays a crucial role in regulating the body's pH.

Organs of the Respiratory System

The upper respiratory tract includes:
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Two bronchi (one bronchus to each lung)
- Bronchioles and smaller air passages
- And their coverings (the pleura)
The lower respiratory tract includes:
- Mucles of retration
- The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles

The Respiratory System (upper and lower tracts)

The respiratory system can be divided into the upper and lower tracts.
The upper respiratory tract is located outside the thorax and includes the pharynx and larynx.
The lower respiratory tract is located within the thorax and includes the trachea, all segments of the bronchial tree (bronchi to alveoli), and lungs.

Nose and Nasal Cavities

The nasal cavity is a large, irregular cavity separated by a midline partition (the septum) into right and left cavities.
The septum consists of hyaline cartilage in the front and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer below.
The nasal cavity is lined with columnar epithelium that is plentifully supplied with goblet cells.

The Nasal Cavity (structure)

Roof: Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and nasal bones
Floor:
- Hard palate (anterior): Maxilla (upper jaw) and palatine bones
- Soft palate (posterior): Involuntary muscle
Lining: Ciliated columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells
The surface area is increased by the presence of three turbinated bones (conchae): upper, middle, and lower.

Openings into the Nasal Cavity

Anterior nares (nostrils): entrances to the nasal cavities
Posterior nares: situated at the back of the nasal cavities, forming the entrance to the pharynx (nasopharynx)

The Paranasal Sinuses

Cavities containing air, located in the bones of the face and cranium
Tiny openings connect the sinuses with the nasal cavities
The sinuses include:
- Maxillary sinus
- Frontal sinus
- Ethmoid sinus
- Sphenoid sinus

The Olfactory Structures

Olfactory bulb
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory (Schneiderian) nerve

Pharynx

The pharynx, or throat, is a tube-like structure about 13 cm long that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus
The pharynx has three anatomical divisions:
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx

Pharynx (structure)

Three layers:
- Inner mucous membrane lining
- Middle fibrous layer
- Outer muscular layer

Laryngopharynx

Lies behind the larynx and extends from the hyoid bone above to the esophagus below

Larynx

The larynx, or voice box, lies between the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone above to the upper end of the trachea below
It is located in front of the laryngopharynx at the level of the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae

Structure of the Larynx

The larynx consists largely of irregularly shaped cartilages that are attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles, ligaments, and membranes
The main cartilages of the larynx are:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Two arytenoid cartilages
- Epiglottis

Interior of the Larynx

The larynx is composed of two pairs of horizontal vocal folds:
- False vocal cords
- True vocal cords

Diagram of the Interior of the Larynx

The diagram shows a diagram of the interior of the larynx viewed from above
The false vocal cords are located above the true vocal cords and are attached to the arytenoid cartilage
The true vocal cords are attached to the thyroid cartilage
The epiglottis is a small flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx when swallowing

Trachea

The trachea, or windpipe, is a continuation of the larynx downwards to the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into the right and left primary bronchi
It is about 10-12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter

Structure of the Trachea

The trachea is composed of 16-20 incomplete, horizontal rings of hyaline cartilage
The layers in the wall of the trachea are:
- Outer layer: fibrous and elastic tissue
- Middle layer: hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, and some areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels and autonomic nerves

The Right Primary Bronchus

The right primary bronchus is wider than the left bronchus and is about 2.5 cm long
After entering the lung, it divides into smaller branches, one to each lobe of the lung with many smaller branches

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Description

Learn about the respiratory system's function to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide, and how cells exchange gases with the blood.