The Renaissance in Europe

The Renaissance

• The European Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe.
• It was a period of rebirth marked by new economic relations, the decline of the feudal system, new knowledge production, and challenges to the Church's dominance.
• The individual was placed at the center, leading to a rediscovery of antiquity and groundwork for the 18th-century European Enlightenment.
• The scientific method, emphasizing empiricism, gained prominence over medieval theology-based knowledge.
• Italy was divided into city-states governed by aristocracies and new elites of merchants and bankers.
• The wealth of these elites empowered city-states and challenged the Church's views on wealth, such as loans.
• Mercantilism rose as a political ideology, advocating for rulers to develop their nation's income, thereby increasing their own power.
• Secularization extended to the political sphere, with city-states now led by visionary men rather than tradition.
• Politics transformed began to be seen as an art, rather than divine expression.

Niccolò Machiavelli

• Machiavelli's "Il Principe" departed from traditional advice to monarchs on godly leadership.
• It focused on governing society based on actual behavior, applying the scientific method to politics.
• "Il Principe" was the first political treaty based on empirical observation of human nature.
• Its premise: Human nature is consistent; to govern, one must view humans as inherently flawed.
• Machiavelli criticized the Church for its corruption undermining social unity provided by religion.
• Views religion as an objective fact rather than spiritual matter.
• “Il Principe” analyses politics as a cynical art.
• The ruler, according to Machiavelli, needs to coincide with the State to have a unitary state is needed.
• State interest becomes an end itself, legitimizing all means.
• Violence was deemed necessary for security, requiring leaders to have a strong army.
• People strive for freedom through security and protection of private property.
• A leader should be feared rather than loved, as fear depends on him while love does not.
• Machiavellianism secularized politics, highlighting the cynicism of politics, stripping morality.

Thomas More

• Thomas More believed deeply that the state should assist the poor.
• In "Utopia", he portrays a Briton's expedition.
• The first part of the book depicted the British countryside's economic ruin post the invention of enclosures.
• The second described, Utopia, where the means of production and money don't exist and they live peacefully.
• He favored a return to the medieval system where private property wasn't common and disapproved of capitalism.
• More desired for a return to the medieval order but couldn't find solutions, not understanding it.

Martin Luther

• Scientific advancement prompted doubts regarding Catholic dogmas, ending Catholic hegemony.
• The process began in Germany with Luther, who started an ideological revolution.
• Luther denounced the Church's corruption (indulgences) calling from religious liberation.
• Luther advocated for no direct contact between man and God, diminishing the need for church.
• Luther advocated for a strong government as rebellion could be considered heresy.
• Luther's idea of religious liberation meant freedom for some, inequality for all.

Calvin

• Calvin believed in predestination and acting in ways reflective of one's purpose.
• In Geneva, Calvin established the Ordinances and addressed profit, deeming it good as it represents work and God's will.
• Profits should be invested, favoring a new capitalistic mentality, guided by Christian morality.
• Calvin's political views were focused on a theocracy lead by ministers and a consistory that has power to ensure morality (no diviance).
• State is subject to religion.
• Calvin believed in legal equality for all regardless of wealth, a first in European history.
• Both Luther and Calvin had conservative political views, (authority and no deviance), paving the way for modern state.

Colonial Encounters: The Dispute of Valladolid

• Spain organized a dispute in the 16th century to consider spreading Catholicism on the American continent.
• It sparked debate regarding colonizing indigenous people.
• Sepulveda saw the war as permissible as the people were inferior; he also said since the people were of savage origin, they could be forced into Catholicism before conversion.
• De Las Casas dissaproved violence, thought that the indigenous should be introduced to Christianity by invite, rather than by force, and they should have been killed they went against God's word.
• The dispute was conducted for theological reasons but was closely correlated to free native labor.

The Glorious Revolution

• The Glorious Revolution, originated from economic issues, was a political event in the 17th century.
• King Charles I dismantled parliament because their clashing interests then turned to despotism.
• Charles I had to reinstall parliament to fund his army because there were no finances however, that parliament asked for more before approving because of his economic weakness.
• the king rejected what the parliament thought because 'he was the one chosen by God'.
• The parliament called for revolt creating civil war between catholics and puritans.
• Oliver Cromwell, a puritan noble man and a person that was important in the army founded an army motivated army motivated to fight for private property rights.

The Levellers

• The Levellers, a radical part of Cromwell's army, demanded popular sovereignty and stated that rule must an agreement of people.
• These did not consider the unemployed and women part of this agreement.
• They supported private property because of the need for protection of their own property and lack of need to share with people that have not worked for the king.

The Diggers

• The Diggers were more radical: they wanted an idea aligning with primitive communism.
• Although not important at the time, their ideas were inspiring them and they were erased from history.
• Mary Astell challenged the idea of patriarchy and said the dependence of women is insult to God.
• In the end they were defeated however, the outcome of this revolution did not fail because of is idealohical inheritance: first citizen restraints of governement.

New wave of scientific development

• With the the scientific developments around Europe there were changes in the view on the world and it shifted from theoretical to experience based.

Thomas Hobbes

• Hobbes wanted to explore human behavior from a scientific way however, he had lived the English revolution so he saw anarchy.
• his question: theorized what people would do if they didn't have a government and to prevent fight, what would people do if they didn't have a government.
• In Hobbes' nature, people would want to establish themselves through constant violent competition but giving of freedom is the only solution so that people would find peace.
• People would have to offer there freedom to Levithan, the leader in order to be secure, therefore the rule is legitimized.

Benedict De Spinoza

• Spinoza's task on knowledge from the descatrtes take, was trying to reconcile religion by saying that the Bible was not scientist's work.
• He rejected Hobbes contract because men remain selfish even under it, so government is democracy because of no viollence.

John Locke

• Locke explains how absurd the idea of King idea, in Two treatise of government and then states his own idea, which is very differrent from Hobbes idea.
• He argued that everyone had the right to survive through combination of labor and nature, with limitless nature but when money got invented this changed; to buy things, people need money.
• he believed this system would have lead to inequality, so the state was needed through the freemen, the monarchs.

The Enlightenment

• Centered on man and his reason in France, the enlightenment believed society would be better and mankind was perfect because of reason for everyone with happiness, although progress was slow and gradual.
• Free investigation was born: anything from 'gods will' could be investigated.
• There were slight changes on the views of women: they didnt believe women inferior but where very classist.

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

• Deviant from enlightenment, stated that since man had emotions they aren't completly resaonable, there is not linear development and progess is negative as its the corruption of the man.
• First one to claim territory as theirs was the biggest criminal: with the invention of property, competition began and to counter he believed that a social contract where cooperation between all will come of.

Montesquieu

• Not connected to the Enlightenment, he was a nobleman and understood a system of separation powers was a treat so he made system to control the nablemen.
• Because needs change, so institutions change but institutions should be restricted.
• More freedom would come from when monarchy was more preferred, not in republic which forces people to be virtous.

Adam Smith

• He could'nt understand hobbes, he truly believed and looked in understanding the economic logic of the market instead of how it should be.
• Wealth is divided by the division of labor and by the laissez faire principle for capital, an invisible hand, because more income means more improvement for everyone even though there is inequality.

American Revolution

• The Revolution was because of no taxation: the Americans were demanding more in the parliment to legitimate taxes.
• Americans belived in the core government was the states and seperation of church, where as Americans always had a distruct of government.

Thomas Paine

• Every government has limitations and distruct: society is there because of people need and government reterains.

French Revolution

• Nobility wanted to change taxation which would hit the nobles the most.
• Because the third estate revolted during a phase the leaders wanted constitutional monarchy.
• The second phase is when violent revolution happened with the jacobins.

Haitian Revolution

• Capitalism made slavery run because of demand.
• Philosopher still would preach freedom but ignore slavery.

The emergence of modern politics

• After the Industrial society and revolutions the organization to state, economics and freedoms where in debates and it brought ideologies.

Edmund Burke

• There is reason but although it is believed most people had not had major principles, against slavery and against black abolition.
• Conservative, only way to implement is common sense and he defended proper tradition and prejudice.

William Godwin

• Wrote poltical justice, that mankind was malleable to achieve improvrment, aim of abolition of state and end to proverty.

Thomas Malthus

• Rejected Godwin's povery of optimism and said that if food supply goes up, poverty goes up becausae people would be higher, that would happen in the first polace.

Jeremy Bentham

• People preffered pleasure so their choices are dominate, and pleasure maximizes happiness for most.
• Governement should be judged by maximizing, the moral rightness of an action, for all.

David Ricardo

• Sayed that there is a relationship between land owners enreupeneurs and workers after they started from income consisting of interest, wage and profits.
• theorized that bretain closed the borders this would leed to a industrial distater and there should be a free trade, what he said was that land owners and euntrepnuers interst always clashed.

Early Socialism

• Jacobin terorr tried to revive revolutionary and aimed to dismantle the state through coup but there main thign was that there was for abolition private property.
• Radicals in search for London were turning point for workers assocation.

Robert Owen

• Business man who realized workers were inhumane, so to solve free education and free shcolarsip had to be made to increase productivity, this is all becasue of the environment.
• Believed in industry and spreading knowledge.

Henri De Sait Simon

• that Era was truly of the Ancieve regimes and new was in industry.
• For this de saint called morality to have social order.

Proudhon

• What is property.
• Socio economic can only work with vountary association to cooperation.

August Blanqui

• Only believed in change if violence can be made, small armed gorusp ready to attack.

Immauel Kant

• Resoultion between empiricism and knowledge, empircsits where right about thinking it comew from experience.
• Kant argued knowledge comes from subject.

Hegel

• Knoweldge contioues to pursue the aBsoluite, idealism because of developemt throught sythesie.
• heagel freedom three stages the family, cvill cimmunity and state.

Liberlaism and early imprealism

• Dichotomoy between barbarity shaped the blacks were considered infereor. Benjamin constatn, freedom of acniens, freedom of modern.

Alexic de tocqueville

• Fear democracy.

John Stuarg Mill

• Defened individual liberty. Freedeom if there only freedom existed.

Fredeck douglass

• First African American to start and speak against oppression.

Birth of Socialism

• Marx didn't invite ithe idead, instead he had influence from hegers and so on, with hegel having inspriation from the class theories and so on.
• Marxism also took from Hagel's diatic what marxisium had.

Max stirner

• believied everything only exist with the self

Mikhail Bakunin

• believed that every istitutiocn except of science.

peter kropotkin

• cooporation what what was imporant .

The cathaolic curse offense

• The role of the catholice church got called, for this it was the unltimontiast.

Pope leo xiii

• With publication with the rerun the social question was made and church posited for the way workers class worked.

positivism

• to study the society in 1976

spencer

• devied the concept which led to the inequality, history was evolution towarda a superior soicl inequality.

oragnic thinking

• tried to compare it to haromious functioning.

wilfredo paterio

• what changes come from elites and has diffferent features

racial theroy

• race started to ve peceribed with science, resutrting in antisemtis

Desicontent with Democrazy

• conservagice inelcteuals of the lare 19ht century

Friderick nietzhue

• he rebellled from everythin in fabor of Impetious creativity in favor

George Sorel

• challenegd the left and right but believed in the work

From emperilsam of colonialism

• the territory started with econmic gains and then from god to te territory

Latin lieration

• maejr imput on lain american as it was am inspiration for

Simon Bolivar

• he heavily influecned the idea of freedom

joise marie

• advocate anti imperialist

The Nahdna

• trued to unerstand why arab world had fallen

jamelan and alfagahni

• the islam reformists whch is needed by the ulamas

muhammad abruh

• regional sipts had islam, the core of islams The relgigion

Kahwakiki

• the ottaman prevented scientifice

Meji

• Japan tried top preserve itself

yoshido shoin

• advoacateed to resit islam

chima

• didn resisit eoperisams

kang yiou wel

• he read confuicus

Liang qichao

• piliticlal reform exam

Social Demncraft

jeah jareus

• beleived proctacuat should mean socliams

Karl katusky

• soacisl for eveyroen

eduaard brenstine

• crtitced marks to save capitlism

from the crisist to the world wars

• the instituation withuss

russia reovelution

• didnt marist comnditions

Lenin

• that oragnaixe

stanil

• toskry

the interbellum period

• europand dicnt care

Gandhi

• the end the wester.

mohammend igba

• self devleomrnt

rashid ribha

• isamci state

negrittude

• reacct to renocncing

maow

• and cmooits

Keynes

• ciritlaced dfor saving

levt divison

gramish

• intelcutal needed

the coraservtive reelvotuin

• it wwas much ore idaht thuan

fasicicm

• wantsd more

Adomo

• tried to undersatn

heannh arendt

• concneration camps