UNIT 1 - Chapter 4 - Short Answers Study

Rebirth

The acceptance of reason, humanist philosophy, exploration, and the printing press

Human beings and their potential, thoughts, behaviors, and feelings

<p>Individualism, a personal relationship with God, interest in classical wisdom, and human potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to the application of human reason to both nature and church dogma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed for the rapid dissemination of new ideas and discoveries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed them to read original texts and interpret them in a more personal way</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make religion more personal and less formal and ritualistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle's philosophy was seen as too authoritative, and the humanists believed that Aristotle, being human, was capable of error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Francesco Petrarch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans, unlike angels and animals, are capable of changing themselves and the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erasmus believed in human free will, but also believed that it would be dangerous to reveal the doctrine of predestination to the masses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The church's corruption and emphasis on ritual, as well as its embracing of Aristotle's philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no objective way of distinguishing among various claims of truth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combining free will and God's grace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is unfathomable to humans and must remain a mystery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A conception of the solar system with the earth at its center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A beast of burden that can be ridden by either God or Satan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It agreed with everyday experience, predicted and accounted for all astronomical phenomena known at the time, gave humans a central place in the universe, and agreed with the biblical account of creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That the Earth rotated around the Sun, and therefore the Earth was not the center of the solar system and the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He determined the elliptical paths of the planets around the Sun and found that their velocities vary inversely with their distance from the Sun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He mistakenly believed that it supported Hermetism, a mystical philosophy that professed the existence of magical forces and harmony among humans, stars, and planets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was burned at the stake for heresy in 1600.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because Servetus described the Holy Land as a barren wilderness, contradicting the scriptural description of it as a land of milk and honey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first scientific revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The accepted scientific paradigm of the day, which defined problems, specified solutions, and provided a worldview.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Johannes Kepler, a Pythagorean-Platonic mathematician.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He showed several of Aristotle's truths to be false and extended the known number of bodies in the solar system to 11.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo believed that human perceptions were subjective and therefore outside the realm of science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo believed that mathematical laws were more important than experimentation, and that once a law was discovered, further experimentation was unnecessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo was on the side of realism, believing that actual laws (forms) existed and structured the physical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo considered primary qualities to include quantity, shape, size, position, and motion or rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo considered secondary qualities to include experiences such as color, sound, temperature, smell, and taste, and viewed them as relative, subjective, and fluctuating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo believed that consciousness and psychology could not be studied by the objective methods of science because they consisted of secondary qualities that could not be described and understood mathematically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo viewed human beings as irrelevant spectators and insignificant effects of the great mathematical system that is reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copernicus's argument that the earth revolves around the sun was a clear contradiction of church dogma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo's approach involved observation, experimentation, and mathematical deduction to discover and describe physical laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo believed that experiments could function as demonstrations that help convince those skeptical about the existence of certain laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That it cast the known astrological facts into a simpler, more harmonious mathematical order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The universe as a perfect machine whose workings could be understood only in mathematical terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because much of our conscious experience consists of secondary qualities that cannot be described and understood mathematically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>God created the universe, set it in motion, and then abandoned it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The universal law of gravitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It diminished God's influence, making it possible to remove God altogether.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That it was a simpler, more harmonious mathematical explanation of celestial phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represented the first scientific revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation, mathematical deduction, and experimentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supported the choice of the heliocentric theory over the geocentric theory due to its simplicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inductive reasoning proceeds from the particular to the general, whereas deductive reasoning starts with some assumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idols of the cave, the idols of the tribe, the idols of the marketplace, and the idols of the theater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal biases that arise from a person's intellectual endowment, experiences, education, and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To discover causal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that only those objects or events that can be experienced directly should be the object of scientific inquiry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacon's approach emphasized the importance of inductive reasoning, unbiased observation, and the elimination of personal biases in scientific investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimenta lucifera are designed to discover causal relationships, while experimenta fructifera are designed to explore how the laws of nature might be utilized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idols of the tribe represent biases that result from human nature, and can distort perceptions of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idols of the marketplace represent biases that result from being overly influenced by the meaning assigned to words, and can distort perceptions of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idols of the theater represent biases that result from blind allegiance to any viewpoint, whether it be philosophical or theological.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deism is the belief that God created the universe but does not actively intervene in its events. According to deists, the natural world is governed by natural laws, with no exceptions or supernatural influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four fundamental constructs of Newton's universe are space, time, matter, and force. According to Newton, any natural event can be explained in terms of these four constructs, restating it mathematically in terms of space, time, matter, and force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occam's Razor is the principle that explanations should always be as simple as possible. Newton's advice, as stated in Book III of his Principles, is to 'admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive reasoning proceeds from the general to the particular, whereas inductive reasoning moves from the particular to the general. Induction is the method of reasoning used in scientific inquiry, where observations and data are used to make general conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Newton, classification is not explanation. To understand why something acts in a certain way, it is necessary to know the physical attributes of the object and the forces acting on it, rather than simply categorizing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Newton, human ignorance, not any variance in natural laws, is the reason scientists often need to settle for probabilities rather than certainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newton's principles reject teleological explanations, which attribute purpose or inherent tendencies to natural events. Instead, he explains natural events in terms of physical forces and attributes, such as mass and motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacon's advocacy for an inductive, practical science emphasizes the importance of direct observation and experimentation in understanding nature, free from theoretical influences and misconceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deism's rejection of supernatural intervention and emphasis on natural laws implies that humanity is subject to the same natural laws as the rest of the universe, and that human behavior can be explained in terms of physical forces and attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newton's universe rejects the idea of purpose or final causes, instead explaining natural events in terms of physical forces and attributes. This is in contrast to Aristotle's philosophy, which attributes purpose or inherent tendencies to natural events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main idea is that observations are 'theory-laden,' meaning one's theory influences what one observes and how one interprets what one observes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacon's approach emphasizes the importance of making observations without any philosophical, theological, or personal preconceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes is considered the father of comparative-physiological psychology, and his work laid the foundation for stimulus-response psychology, phenomenology, and the debate over innate ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'I think, therefore I am' - Descartes concluded that the only thing he could be certain of was the fact that he was doubting, and therefore, he must exist as a thinking being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate ideas, such as unity, infinity, and perfection, are ideas that Descartes believed could not be derived from one's own experience and were instead placed in the mind by God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes' method restored the dignity to purely subjective experience and allowed for the rational analysis of sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reflex is an environmental event that automatically causes a response because of the way the organism is constructed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes' concept of the mind-body problem highlights the distinction between the mind and the body, and raises questions about the nature of consciousness and the relationship between the mind and the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes' concept of reflexive behavior legitimized the study of nonhuman animals to learn more about the functioning of the human body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes' analysis of reflexive behavior was later found to be incorrect, despite its initial influence on the development of psychology and neuroscience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evidence showed that nerves were not hollow, there were two types of nerves (sensory and motor), and animals could still react to stimuli after decapitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He stated that humans have a physical body that operates according to physical principles and a nonphysical mind that interacts with the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He appealed to common sense, stating that everyone has both bodily and conscious experiences and senses the interaction between the two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He explicitly stated that humans possess a nonphysical mind that interacts with a physical body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was unable to provide a logical explanation for how a nonphysical mind could interact with a physical body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interactionism, also known as Cartesian dualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He confronted the mind-body problem head-on and provided a clear articulation of dualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He appealed to everyday experience and common sense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is considered the beginning of both stimulus–response and behavioristic psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It launched new philosophical and psychological positions, such as modern empiricism and modern sensationalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He gave birth to both physiological psychology and comparative psychology by investigating the bodies of animals to learn about their functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It paved the way for the scientific study of consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because what followed him was, in one way or another, a reaction to him.</p> Signup and view all the answers