The Reformation Overview

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Questions and Answers

What caused King Henry VIII to take significant action regarding the Church of England?

Influence of Martin Luther's teachings

Desire to reform Catholic beliefs

Need for a male heir (correct)

Support from the Pope

What was one of the primary focuses of the Counter Reformation?

To promote the teachings of John Calvin

To abolish all forms of Catholicism

To reaffirm Catholic authority (correct)

To inspire Protestant sects

What was John Wycliffe's main belief regarding church authority?

He thought that only clergy should interpret the Bible.

He believed the Pope should lead all Christians.

He supported the sale of indulgences.

He argued that Jesus Christ was the head of the church. (correct)

Which of the following accurately describes Calvinism?

It emphasizes predestination. Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for posting the '95 Theses'?

Martin Luther Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the Reformation?

Creation of multiple Protestant churches Signup and view all the answers

What role did Ignatius of Loyola play during the Counter Reformation?

He founded the Jesuits to spread Catholicism. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Council of Trent accomplish during the Counter Reformation?

It reaffirmed the Pope's infallibility. Signup and view all the answers

What major event is widely considered the start of the French Revolution?

The storming of the Bastille Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution?

To combat internal threats of counter-revolution Signup and view all the answers

Which political group was known for establishing the Committee of Public Safety?

The Jacobins Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the Napoleonic Code?

To ensure equality under law for all citizens Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant economic strategy Napoleon implemented against Britain?

The Continental System Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were consequences of the 7 Years War on France?

Increased taxation and financial turmoil Signup and view all the answers

What was the Revolutionary Tribunal known for during the Reign of Terror?

Executing counter-revolutionaries including Marie Antoinette Signup and view all the answers

What was a major social issue during the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Poor working conditions and low wages Signup and view all the answers

Which economic theory is Karl Marx primarily associated with?

Socialism Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Adam Smith advocate for in his economic theories?

Free market economies driven by competition Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial effect of the agricultural revolution on the Industrial Revolution?

Stabilization of food supply Signup and view all the answers

Which area was the first to be revolutionized during the Industrial Revolution?

Textile production Signup and view all the answers

What caused Karl Marx to criticize capitalism?

The class struggle and economic inequality Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the French Revolution start?

Late 18th century Signup and view all the answers

What led to the rise of revolutionary sentiments in pre-revolution Haiti?

A prosperous agricultural economy Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary role of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan?

Unifying Japan under shogunal rule Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the beginning of the French Republic?

The execution of King Louis XVI Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the transatlantic slave trade?

Destabilization of African countries Signup and view all the answers

What was Savonarola known for?

Attacking societal luxuries and corruption in the Church Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Age of Enlightenment?

A philosophical movement advocating reason and natural laws Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Pazzi Conspiracy?

To overthrow the ruling Medici family Signup and view all the answers

Which statement characterizes the Estates General in France?

It was a parliamentary assembly representing three estates. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the social hierarchy of pre-revolution France?

The king held absolute power above all estates Signup and view all the answers

What main factor contributed to the causes of the French Revolution?

Discontent due to social inequality and economic hardship Signup and view all the answers

What did Sakoku refer to in Japanese history?

Japan's self-imposed isolation from foreign influences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Bartolome de Las Casas's contribution?

He is known for advocating better treatment of enslaved individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?

Critical thinking and question of established beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of the Haitian Revolution?

Creation of the first independent state governed by former slaves Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose behind the European motives for expansion in the 14th and 15th centuries?

To spread Christianity and seek trade opportunities Signup and view all the answers

Who was the famous king of Mali known for his wealth and the inflation caused by his gold distribution?

Mansa Musa Signup and view all the answers

What was the Diet of Worms?

A meeting where Martin Luther was asked to recant his statements Signup and view all the answers

What significant economic system did the Spanish implement to control labor from Native Americans?

The encomienda system Signup and view all the answers

Which empire was known for its significant trade cities, especially Timbuktu?

The Songhai Empire Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the fall of the Aztec Empire?

Moctezuma was compelled to cede land to the Spanish which led to conflicts Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of plants, animals, ideas, slaves, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds Signup and view all the answers

Which religion is centered on the belief in reincarnation and comprises various deities such as Brahma, Vishnu, and Ganesh?

Hinduism Signup and view all the answers

During the Ming Dynasty, which famous Chinese navigator led expeditions across the Indian Ocean?

Zheng He Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the life of the Inca civilization?

It involved a complex societal structure with extensive road systems Signup and view all the answers

What was a common feature of the pre-colonial African societies?

Diversity in languages, cultures, and religions Signup and view all the answers

Which empire is known for being a puppet state under British control in the 1700s?

The Mughal Empire Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary result of the fall of the Mongol Empire on European trade?

Led to the emergence of new sea routes to Asia Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the social structure of the Feudal System during the Middle Ages?

It was a hierarchy with distinct classes from the king down to serfs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Reformation

A 16th-century religious movement aiming to reform the Roman Catholic Church.
Resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
Sparked by Martin Luther's actions.
Led to numerous Christian denominations.

Martin Luther

Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation.
Criticized church practices, particularly indulgences.
Published the "95 Theses."
Became a pivotal figure in the Reformation.

John Wycliffe

Oxford professor who criticized the Church's materialism.
Believed the Bible was the ultimate authority, not the Pope.
Advocated for Christ as the head of the Church.

Causes of the Reformation

The sale of indulgences.
Opposition to papal authority and perceived corruption.
King Henry VIII's desire for an annulment.
His subsequent establishment of the Church of England.

Effects of the Reformation

Creation of numerous Christian branches.
Reform within the Catholic Church.
Religious conflicts across Europe.

The Counter-Reformation

A Catholic reaction to the Protestant Reformation.
The Council of Trent reaffirmed Church authority and condemned Protestantism.
Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, who spread Catholicism.

Jesuits

Catholic missionaries founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
Focused on spreading Catholicism worldwide.

Puritans

Protestants within the Anglican Church.
Sought to remove Catholic elements from the Church of England.
Inspired by Calvinist theology, emphasizing predestination.

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who developed Calvinism.

Calvinism

A Protestant religion based on the teachings of John Calvin.
Emphasized predestination as a core belief.
Viewed God as completely controlling human actions.

The 95 Theses

A set of grievances against the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther.

The Diet of Worms

A meeting where Luther was asked to recant his writings.

Branches of Christianity

Calvinism, Anglicanism, Anabaptism, and Quakerism emerged after the Reformation.

Reasons for European Exploration (14th-15th Centuries)

Spreading Christianity.
Overpopulation and conflict in Europe.
Trade with Asia, especially for spices.
Colonization for resources (gold, silver).
Escaping war and religious persecution.

Mostly lower classes seeking land and opportunities.
Included missionaries, adventurers, and some nobles.

Colonizers' Religious Motives

Justification of the king's power through converting others.

Mansa Musa

Mali king who famously spread wealth through extensive travels.

The Fall of Grenada

Spain's conquest of the Muslim kingdom of Grenada.

Christopher Columbus

Financed by Spain, he initiated voyages to the Americas in the late 15th century.
Initiated colonization and the enslavement of Native populations.
Introduced diseases that decimated Indigenous communities.

Effects of Mongol Empire's Fall

Rise of the Ottoman Empire.
Disruption of trade routes, prompting Europe to seek alternative maritime routes to Asia.

The Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, ideas, and people between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (Americas).

The Feudal System

Medieval social hierarchy structured around the landowning class, clergy, and commoners.

Effects of European Arrival in the Americas

Imposition of European cultures, values, economics, and religion.
Native American deaths due to introduced diseases and exploitation.

Encomienda System

Spanish system that granted conquistadors the right to demand labor from Native Americans.

Aztecs

Mesoamerican empire in present-day Mexico, conquered by Spain.
Centered in Tenochtitlan.
Practiced a complex hierarchical society and a ritualistic tribute system.

Incas

Native empire in present-day Peru, conquered by Spain.

Aztec Society

Hierarchical society with tribute system involving human sacrifice.
Sophisticated water-based transportation system.
Organized and structured society.

Hernán Cortés

Conquistador who led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Moctezuma II

Aztec emperor who encountered Hernán Cortés.

Fall of the Aztec Empire

Cortés's strategy and disease weakened the Aztec resistance.
The Spanish returned to conquer Tenochtitlan.

Inca Society

Less populous empire with sophisticated road systems and Machu Picchu as a notable site.
Conquered by Francisco Pizarro.

Pre-Colonial Africa

Diverse cultures and languages.
Varied religious practices (Christianity, Islam, Animism/Shamanism).
Diverse economic systems (urban, agricultural, hunting and gathering, trade).

Songhai Empire

West African empire controlling important trade cities like Timbuktu.
Significant gold and salt trade.
Conquered by Morocco.

Ethiopian Empire

Independent Christian kingdom in East Africa.
Often at war with neighbors.
Developed agriculture and cities.

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire that ruled large parts of India.
Supported the arts.
Experienced periods of both religious tolerance and oppression.
Became a British puppet state.

Ottoman Empire

Powerful Muslim empire controlling the Eastern Mediterranean.
Conquered the Byzantine Empire.

Ming Dynasty

East Asian empire that stabilized China for a period.
Zheng He's voyages (later halted).

Zheng He

Famous Chinese navigator during the Ming Dynasty.

Early Modern India

Origin of various religions like Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Hinduism.
Muslim Sultanate of Delhi.

Puppet State

A state that is nominally independent but controlled by a more powerful entity.

Hinduism

Ancient Indian religion and philosophy emphasizing reincarnation and multiple forms of a supreme being.

Buddhism

Religion based on the teachings of the Buddha emphasizing enlightenment and achieving Nirvana.

The Renaissance

Period of cultural and artistic rebirth in Europe
Significant figures include Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
Centers like Rome, Milan, Florence, Venice, Genoa, and Naples facilitated cultural growth.
Powerful banking families like the Medici, Borgias, and Sforzas wielded influence.

Anna Notaras

Patron of the arts during the Renaissance.

Pazzi Conspiracy

Unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Medici family in Florence.

Savonarola

Religious reformer who challenged the excesses of Florentine society.

Castas System

Social hierarchy based on mixed European-Indigenous-African ancestry.

Mestizos/Mamelucos

Children of Portuguese men and Amerindian women.

Commodity

A raw material or primary agricultural product.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

System of forced labor from Africa to the Americas.
Resulted in significant human suffering and the destabilization of African societies.

Effects of Transatlantic Slave Trade

African societies destabilized by enslavement over centuries.
Violent conflicts arose because of the trade.
Uprisings among enslaved communities (e.g., Haitian Revolution).
Resulted in the first independent state by former slaves of the New World.

Indian Ocean Slave Trade

Slave trade in the Indian Ocean involving movement to different destinations.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Advocate for the humane treatment of Native Americans.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty (1600s-1800s).
Controlled Japan through a hierarchical system, with the Emperor as a figurehead, and samurai in control of provinces.
Implemented Sakoku, a period of isolation.

Sakoku

Japan's period of isolation from foreign powers.

Shintoism

Polytheistic religion focused on nature and spirits.

Pre-Revolution Haiti

Island of Hispaniola.
Was Saint-Domingue.
Valuable French colony, with significant slave population.
Extensive agriculture (sugar, coffee).
Complex social hierarchy (enslaved majority, diverse free groups).

The Age of Enlightenment

18th-century European philosophical movement emphasizing reason and individual rights.

Voltaire

Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for tolerance, reason, and religious freedom.

The Scientific Revolution

Shift in understanding of the natural world through observation and questioning.

Deists

Emphasized divine creation and natural laws.

American Revolution

Colonists in the 13 American Colonies fought for independence from British rule.

Causes of the American Revolution

Unpopular tax acts and trade restrictions imposed by the British.
Resentment toward the British.

French Revolution

Uprising against the French monarchy that began in 1789.

Causes of the French Revolution

Enlightenment ideas.
Social inequality among the three estates (clergy, nobility, commoners).
Economic hardship (famine, unemployment).
Financial crisis in France. Pre-Revolution Social Hierarchy
King at the top.
Clergy (First Estate) had privileges.
Nobility and military (Second Estate).
Commoners (Third Estate) made up the largest class.

Estates General

France's pre-revolution parliament - convened in 1789.

Storming of the Bastille

Event marking the beginning of the French Revolution.
A Parisian mob seized the Bastille, a royal fortress, releasing prisoners and acquiring weapons.

National Convention

Political group that came to power during the French Revolution.
Abolished the monarchy and executed Louis XVI.

Jacobins

Radicals during the French Revolution who held sway over the government.
Associated with the Reign of Terror.

Committee of Public Safety

Emergency government established during the French Revolution to address internal threats, war efforts, and counter-revolution.

Guillotine

Beheading machine used to execute during the Reign of Terror.

Robespierre

Prominent figure associated with the Reign of Terror and the Committee of Public Safety.

Napoleonic Code

Civil law code that reformed the French legal system.
Recognized rights of revolution.

Continental System

Napoleon's attempt to blockade Britain through economic warfare.
Failed to defeat Britain.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of European powers to restore peace after the Napoleonic Wars.

Effects of the Seven Years' War on France

Increased taxation for war costs.
Attempts to reform the government.
Financial difficulties.

Encyclopedia

Collective effort of philosophes to disseminate new ideas regarding society, religion, and governance.

Louis XVI's Role in the Revolution

Incompetent leadership.
Raised taxes, exacerbating public frustration.
Implementation of ineffective reforms.

Reign of Terror Origins

Execution of Louis XVI failed to resolve France's problems.
Financial needs necessitated a national draft.
National Convention responded with increased surveillance.

Revolutionary Tribunal

Court system enforcing laws of the revolution, during the Reign of Terror.

French Revolution in Colonies

French colonies faced conflicts related to slavery.
Abolition of slavery in Saint-Domingue (Haiti).
Napoleon's reinstatement of slavery and failed attempts to retake Haiti.
Restructuring of colonial territories with Britain and Spain.
African slaves moved to the New World as workers, supplying resources to Europe.

Industrial Revolution

Period of major technological advances in industry.

Origin of Industrial Revolution

Agricultural revolution led to food surplus and investment in technology.

Beginning of Industrial Revolution

Began in Britain in the late 18th century, due to various factors.
Great Britain led in industrial production.

Traditional elite retained status.
Merchants, managers, and professionals emerged as a new class.
Artisans held a middle ground.
Factory workers became a prominent, but often exploited, class.

Problems within the Industrial Revolution

Danger and unhealthiness of factory conditions.
Low wages and long work hours impacting families.
Exploitation of child labor.

Karl Marx

Founder of Marxism and communism.

Marxism

Political and economic theories of Marx.

Industrialization in the US

US adapted and adapted British industrial practices and knowledge.

Adam Smith

Economist who developed capitalist theories.

Adam Smith's Beliefs

Advocated for a free market driven by competition.
Stressed property rights and efficient labor divisions.

Karl Marx's Beliefs

Criticized capitalism and advocated for a classless communist society.

John Maynard Keynes

Economist who advocated for government intervention in the economy to address unemployment.

John Maynard Keynes' Beliefs

Supported a mixed economy where governments managed production and demand.
Argued that unemployment stems from decreased demand, not overproduction.

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon's final defeat and the end of his reign.

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Explore the key figures, causes, and effects of the Reformation in the 16th century. This quiz covers significant events, including Martin Luther's '95 Theses' and the establishment of the Church of England. Test your knowledge on how this movement reshaped Christianity and society.