The Protestant Reformation

Derived from 'Protest', signifies reformers' stance against Catholic practices.

Period of restructuring and reform in Western Europe, primarily during the 1500s.

German priest and professor who initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517.

Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church's practices, especially the sale of indulgences.

Christian denomination founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.

Payments to the Church for reduced punishment of sins, a key point of contention during the Reformation.

Convened Luther's trial at Worms to address Luther's teachings.

1521 assembly convened to address Martin Luther's teachings and determine his fate.

Luther's belief that salvation is achieved through faith in God alone, not through good works or sacraments.

Luther's view that scripture is the only source of religious authority and truth for Christians.

Concept that all Christians have equal access to God and can interpret the Bible for themselves, without needing a priest as an intermediary.

Luther recognized only Baptism and Eucharist as valid sacraments based on scriptural support.

Translation of the Bible from Latin into local languages, allowing more people to read and interpret scripture.

Protestant theology founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God.

Belief that God has predetermined who will be saved and who will be damned before they are born.

French reformer who emphasized predestination, God's sovereignty, and strict moral discipline.

Radical reformers who advocated for adult baptism and separation of church and state.

Anabaptist group founded by Menno Simons, known for their pacifism and simple living.

Anabaptist sect emphasizing simple living, community, and separation from the world.

Strict laws and punishments enforced in Calvinist communities to maintain moral standards.

Government led by religious leaders, as practiced in some Calvinist communities.

Lutheran belief that clergy are allowed to marry, breaking from Catholic tradition.

Church court established to hunt for heretics and witches, expanding beyond Spain to other parts of Europe.

Christian movement that opposed the doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church during the 16th century.

Group denying Jesus' equality in the Trinity.

Executed for heresy by Calvinists after escaping the Inquisition.

Prejudice and discrimination against Jews, leading to forced segregation in ghettos.

Separate living areas for Jews, restricting their freedoms and forcing them to live in isolation.

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and combating heresy.

Meeting held from 1545 to 1563 to reaffirm Catholic doctrines and address issues raised by the Protestant Reformation.

Calvinist belief that God determines salvation beforehand.

Pope during the Council of Trent.

Religious order founded to spread the Catholic faith through education and missionary work.

Founded Jesuits, known for educational missions.

Retreat practices developed by Ignatius of Loyola.

Carmelite nun, recognized as 'Doctor of the Church'.

King who established Church of England for annulment.

1534 law making English monarch head of church.

Daughter of Henry VIII, known as 'Bloody Mary'.

Moderate queen, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.

Advocated for separation of church and state.

Legal declaration that a marriage is void.

Church of England, retaining many Catholic practices.

Spread of new religious beliefs challenging Catholicism.