179 Questions
When providing psychological services at the request of a third party, what should the psychologist explain to all parties?
The nature of the relationship, psychologist’s role, probable uses of information obtained, limits to confidentiality, financial arrangements
What is the recommended duration for keeping adequate records of psychological services?
7 years
When delegating professional tasks, what is a requirement for the delegates?
Delegates have read the code and are competent
According to the text, what is the proximate intent of aggression?
To cause harm
Which subdiscipline of aggression research focuses on personality disorders like anti-social and narcissistic behavior?
Clinical Psychology
According to the text, what is the key factor that triggers aggression based on Lorenz's theory?
Instinctual release under certain circumstances
Which ethical principle emphasizes the need for fairness to research participants and the effort requested from them?
Justice
What is the focus of non-anthropocentric ethical theories, as mentioned in the text?
Ethics beyond the impact on humanity
According to the text, what does the duty of care develop based on?
The type of people we are
What is the primary focus of the ethics of care, as mentioned in the text?
Relationships and capacities
According to the text, what does aggression refer to in everyday life?
A message of wanting to hurt others
Which division of the Australian Psychological Society (APS) is specifically for academia and research?
Division of Psychological Research, Education + Training (DPRET)
What does APS Matters provide for its members?
Fortnightly email
What is required for enrollment in a master's program for psychologists?
Provisional registration
Which document outlines definitions and general principles emphasizing respect for the rights and dignity of individuals and informed consent?
Code of Ethics
What is necessary for endorsement as a psychologist?
Completion of a registrar program
What does the APS Code of Ethics emphasize in relation to individuals' rights and dignity?
Respect and informed consent
Which competency pathway to registration for psychologists requires a Master’s degree?
Master’s degree
What is covered in the National Practice Standards for the Mental Health Workforce?
Rights and responsibilities
What does the APS Code of Ethics specifically address in relation to client information?
Collection from associated parties
What is required for psychologists to enroll in a professional doctorate program?
Completion of a registrar program
What is emphasized in the APS Code of Ethics in relation to privacy and confidentiality?
Disclosure and release of information to clients
Which division of the Australian Psychological Society (APS) is for non-Division 1 members?
Division of General Psychological Practice (DGPP)
According to the text, when does the development of aggression peak over the lifespan?
Toddler years
Which approach views aggression as hardwired and instinctual, linked to reproductive success and survival of the fittest?
Evolutionary psychology
What are aggressive individuals at increased risk of, according to the text?
Early mortality
Which psychological approach encompasses domestic violence, child abuse, power and dominance, jealousy, and schemas?
Relational psychology
According to the text, what highlights genes linked to aggressive behavior, neurotransmitter levels, and brain structures associated with aggression?
Biological approaches
Which model by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman explains the nature of aggression, person inputs, situational factors, routes, and outcomes?
General Aggression Model (GAM)
According to the text, what are key aspects of organizational psychology related to aggression?
Bullying in the workplace, indirect aggression, dominance, and status
According to the text, what is aggression often learned through?
Classical conditioning, instrumental learning, and social learning
Which aspect of aggression does the role of perception encompass, according to the text?
Cues for the fight or flight mechanism and the impact of what we see, hear, and feel
According to the text, what personality approaches to aggression include trait aggression, trait anger, trait irritability, and the role of shame proneness and rumination?
Personality approaches
According to the text, what emphasizes cognition, affects, arousal, immediate appraisal, and re-appraisal in understanding aggression?
General Aggression Model (GAM)
According to the text, what does the General Aggression Model (GAM) also highlight in relation to media psychology?
The effects of aggression in the media, statistics on exposure to aggression in the media, and the Gruel statement on the causal relationship between media aggression and later aggressive behavior
What is the main focus of normative ethics?
Evaluating human behavior
Which ethical approach emphasizes the development of virtues for ethical behavior?
Virtue ethics
What is the main critique of deontological ethics?
It removes the personal factor from ethical decisions
What is the primary focus of utilitarianism in normative ethics?
Evaluating the consequences of actions
What is the capacity to apply skills and knowledge to everyday life and the workplace, as well as the ability to engage with science-related issues and ideas of science as a reflective citizen called?
Scientific literacy
Which organization is not the registration board but the peak body in Australia for registered psychologists?
Australian Counselling Association (ACA)
What did the brain mapping study show after testing 3 different clips (violent, non-violent, fixation)?
Reduced involvement of the prefrontal cortex, activation of the limbic system starting with the amygdala, activation in posterior cingulate, more activation in right hemisphere
What is the primary focus of the ethics of care?
Meeting emotional and relational needs
What is the capacity to apply psychological knowledge to personal, family, occupational, community, and societal challenges called?
Psychological literacy
What does the Australian Psychological Society (APS) represent in the industry?
Interests of the industry
What is the focus of non-anthropocentric ethical theories?
Environmental and non-human entities
What is the capacity to engage with science-related issues and with the ideas of science as a reflective citizen called?
Scientific literacy
What does the APS Code of Ethics emphasize in relation to individuals' rights and dignity?
Respect for the rights and dignity of individuals
What is the focus of the ethics of care?
Meeting emotional and relational needs
What does the APS Code of Ethics specifically address in relation to client information?
Confidentiality, privacy, and informed consent
What is covered in the National Practice Standards for the Mental Health Workforce?
Ethical principles and professional conduct
What is the primary focus of psychological literacy?
Understanding and applying psychological knowledge in various situations
What is the capacity to apply skills and knowledge to everyday life and the workplace, as well as the ability to engage with science-related issues and ideas of science as a reflective citizen called?
Psychological literacy
What is emphasized in the APS Code of Ethics in relation to individuals' rights and dignity?
Respect for individuals' rights and dignity
What is the main focus of normative ethics?
Evaluating the moral permissibility of actions
What does the APS Code of Ethics emphasize in relation to privacy and confidentiality?
Maintaining confidentiality of client information
What is the primary focus of the ethics of care?
Respecting individuals' autonomy and rights
What is the focus of non-anthropocentric ethical theories?
Respecting the rights of non-human entities
Which document outlines definitions and general principles emphasizing respect for the rights and dignity of individuals and informed consent?
APS Code of Ethics
What is the recommended duration for keeping adequate records of psychological services?
10 years
What is required for psychologists to enroll in a professional doctorate program?
Master's degree in psychology
Which division of the Australian Psychological Society (APS) is specifically for academia and research?
APS College of Academic and Research Psychologists
What did the brain mapping study show after testing 3 different clips (violent, non-violent, fixation)?
Activation of the limbic system in non-violent clip
What is the primary focus of psychological literacy?
Applying psychological knowledge to personal, social, or organizational problems
What is emphasized in the APS Code of Ethics in relation to professional organizations?
The need to maintain professional standards and ethics when part of a group
What is the main purpose of the Australian Psychological Society (APS)?
To represent the interests of the industry
What is the basis of psychologically literate citizens, according to Roberts (2015)?
Applying psychological knowledge to personal, family, occupational, community, and societal challenges
What is the primary focus of the APS Code of Ethics in relation to individuals' rights and dignity?
Addressing client information and informed consent
What is emphasized in the APS Code of Ethics in relation to privacy and confidentiality?
The obligation to maintain privacy and confidentiality
What are the key attributes of a psychologically literate citizen?
Communication skills and emotional intelligence
What is the main purpose of joining professional organizations, according to the text?
To learn and stay updated
What is the capacity of psychological literacy in everyday life and the workplace?
The capacity to apply skills and knowledge to everyday life
What is the focus of normative ethics?
The development of virtues for ethical behavior
What is the main focus of the ethics of care, as mentioned in the text?
Emphasizing cognition, affects, arousal, immediate appraisal, and re-appraisal in understanding aggression
What are the important graduate attributes mentioned in the text?
Communication skills, people skills, and emotional intelligence
What is the primary focus of traffic psychology?
Improving traffic mobility and applying accident countermeasures
What is emphasized in the APS Code of Ethics in relation to collaboration with other professionals?
Cooperate where appropriate and necessary
What is the most damaging boundary violation for psychotherapists, according to the text?
Sexual contact with clients
What does the APS Code of Ethics emphasize in relation to research?
Comply with codes, make data available on request, report accurately
What is the focus of normative ethics, as mentioned in the text?
Determining what is right and wrong
What does the APS Code of Ethics emphasize in relation to financial arrangements with clients?
Honest and clear financial arrangements
What is the primary focus of the ethics of care, as mentioned in the text?
Emphasizing empathetic and compassionate care
What is the key focus of psychological literacy, as mentioned in the text?
Applying psychological knowledge to everyday life and the workplace
What is the most common cause of fatal crashes according to the text?
Speeding
Who is most at risk of road fatalities according to the text?
Young drivers and vulnerable road users
What does the Vision Zero initiative aim to achieve?
Eliminate road fatalities
What is the most effective way to reduce the risk of fatal or serious injury in a crash?
Wearing a seatbelt
What is the primary focus of the 2007 NSW Mental Health Act?
Providing the best care and treatment to individuals with mental illness
Who does the NSW Mental Health Act apply to?
Both voluntary and involuntary patients
What is the difference between informal and formal (involuntary) admission under the NSW Mental Health Act?
The patient's consent to admission
What is a Community Treatment Order (CTO) under the NSW Mental Health Act?
A legal order for treatment in the community
What does the General Aggression Model (GAM) highlight in relation to media psychology?
The impact of violent video games on aggression
What are the 3 major notions related to distraction and inattention according to the text?
Arousal, capacity/resources, selective attention
What are the 3 E's for changing behavior mentioned in the text?
Enforcement, education, engineering
What is the most common cause of fatal crashes according to the text?
Speeding
Which theoretical underpinning is associated with the influence of inappropriate content on sexual development and aggressive behavior?
Sexual script theory
What is the primary focus of professional development for psychologists?
All of the above
What is the potential concern associated with the increasing use of violent media despite falling social violence?
Increased perpetration of aggression
What is the association between early and frequent exposure to pornography and sexual behaviors?
Initiation of sexual behaviors at a younger age
What is the primary focus of IP education programs in schools?
Secondary schools
What is the main purpose of self-care for psychologists?
Preventing burnout symptoms
What does the prevalence of child sexual abuse by other children indicate?
Increased occurrence of child sexual abuse
What is the association between exposure to IP and aggression against women?
Increased perpetration of aggression and violence against women
What is the key factor that draws individuals to violent media according to critics?
Pre-existing aggression levels
What is the primary focus of accessibility to technology and IP for teens?
Exposure to violent material and inappropriate content
What is the primary focus of the influence of IP on sexual development and aggressive behavior?
Influence on sexual development and perpetration of aggressive behavior
What is the primary requirement for psychologists to maintain motivation and resilience?
Engaging in self-care
Which of the following is a formal admission pathway under the NSW Mental Health Act?
Admission at the request of a designated carer, relative, or friend
What is a key requirement for the Mental Health Tribunal's involvement in the formal admission process?
Medication at the maximum practical level
What does the Privacy Act 1988 outline in relation to personal information?
Open and transparent management of personal information
What is a part of mandatory reporting in New South Wales?
Reporting to the NSW child protection helpline if a child aged 0-15 is at risk of significant harm
What does the text emphasize about the link between pornography use and coping?
Emphasis on the importance of understanding and addressing the link between pornography use and coping
What is a part of notifiable conduct for health practitioners?
Placing the public at risk of substantial harm due to practitioner impairment or a significant departure from accepted professional standards
What is the impact of technology on the manufacture and distribution of explicit material, according to the text?
Technology has made it cheaper and easier to manufacture and distribute explicit material
What was the increase in Pornhub use during the Covid pandemic attributed to?
Positive correlation with new COVID-19 cases attributed to an increase in social isolation, stress, and loneliness
What does the Mental Health Act state about confidentiality of patient information?
Information about the patient is not given to people outside the service agency without the patient’s permission
What is a requirement for the process of formal admission for mentally disordered and mentally ill persons?
Involves examinations, mental health inquiries by a tribunal, and regular examinations by an authorized person
What percentage of intellectually disabled women in Australia are victims of sexual abuse or violent sexual encounters?
40%
What percentage of separated mothers report emotional and/or physical abuse following separation?
Over 2/3
What percentage of Australians have used at least one illicit drug in their lifetime?
45%
What form of treatment is reported as the main form of treatment for drug and alcohol issues in Australia?
Counselling
What percentage of 2-4-year-olds in Australia are overweight or obese?
20%
What is the most popular illicit drug in Australia?
Cannabis
What percentage of people aged 14+ in Australia report exceeding single occasion risky drinking at least once a month?
15%
What percentage of people aged 18-25 in Australia are overweight or obese?
70%
What is the single largest driver of homelessness for women in Australia?
Intimate partner violence
What is the estimated economic cost of intimate partner violence in Australia?
13.6 billion
What is the most common drug for which Australians seek treatment?
Alcohol
What percentage of people aged 14+ in Australia have been physically assaulted by a person under the influence of alcohol in the past 12 months?
5%
In the context of burnout, which of the following factors is considered part of the mismatch theory?
Nature of employer
What is the leading cause of death among children aged 0-14 between 2004 and 2006, as mentioned in the text?
Injury
According to the text, what percentage of women had experienced physical or sexual violence from a current or former partner, as per the ABS Personal Safety Survey 2012?
1 in 4 women
What is the main focus of combating burnout, as mentioned in the text?
Promote job engagement
What is the aim of the Vision Zero initiative?
To eliminate workplace accidents
What does the ABS Personal Safety Survey 2012 indicate about the experience of physical or sexual violence among men from a current or former partner?
1 in 6 men
What is the most common type of injury causing death for Australian children aged 0-14 years in 2006?
Assault
In the context of workplace person-environment fit, what is known to be related to a better P-E fit?
Job satisfaction
What is the primary focus of psychological interventions for those seeking weight loss, as mentioned in the text?
Inconsistent success in achieving weight loss
What does the text emphasize about the association between Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BD) and Eating Disorders (EDB)?
BD is a risk factor for EDB
What does the text suggest about the prevalence of BD/EDB in relation to weight?
Prevalence is higher in obese people
What is the current status of obesity prevention, as mentioned in the text?
Inconsistent success in preventing obesity
What is the primary focus of integrated programs for obesity and EDB prevention, as mentioned in the text?
Agreement on how to urge greater focus on diet and physical activity
What does the text emphasize about the association between Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BD) and physical health impairment?
No association with physical health impairment
What is the association between BD and EDB in relation to weight gain, as mentioned in the text?
BD predicts weight gain
What is the primary focus of psychological literacy, as mentioned in the text?
Understanding of body image and weight stigma
What is the leading cause of death among children aged 0-14 between 2004 and 2006?
Child abuse
What was the 3rd most common type of injury causing death for Australian children aged 0-14 in 2006?
Assault
What percentage of women had experienced physical or sexual violence from a current or former partner according to the ABS Personal Safety Survey 2012?
1 in 6 women
What does the Mismatch theory suggest is far more likely to lead to burnout?
A mismatch in workload, control, and rewards
What is the primary focus of combating burnout according to the text?
Promote job engagement
What is the most common type of injury causing death for Australian children aged 0-14 according to the text?
Drowning
What is the primary focus of the Workplace Person-Environment Fit, as mentioned in the text?
Job satisfaction
What is the focus of the Family Violence Facts and Figures, as mentioned in the text?
Reducing domestic violence
What is the duration of validity for the NSW Mental Health Act in relation to a person's acceptance of medication, therapy, rehab, or other services?
12 months
What are the criteria for being considered mentally ill under the NSW Mental Health Act?
Having a mental illness and being at risk of harm to self or others
Who can initiate the formal admission pathways under the NSW Mental Health Act?
Medical practitioners, police or ambulance, designated carers, relatives, or friends, and the court
What does the Mental Health Act state about confidentiality of patient information?
Information about the patient is not given to people outside the service agency without the patient’s permission
What is the role of the Mental Health Tribunal in the formal admission process under the NSW Mental Health Act?
Providing legal representation for the consumer
What does mandatory reporting in New South Wales include?
Reporting to the NSW child protection helpline if a child aged 0-15 is at risk of significant harm
What is considered notifiable conduct for health practitioners?
Placing the public at risk of substantial harm due to practitioner impairment or a significant departure from accepted professional standards
What does the Privacy Act 1988 outline in relation to personal information?
It outlines 13 Privacy Principles
What does the text reveal about the correlation between Pornhub use and new COVID-19 cases during the pandemic?
There is a positive correlation between Pornhub use and new COVID-19 cases
What does the text emphasize about the link between pornography use and coping?
The text does not discuss any link between pornography use and coping
What is the prevalence of body dissatisfaction (BD) and eating disorder behaviors (EDB) in obese people compared to normal weight people?
Higher in obese people
What is the most common eating disorder associated with obesity?
Binge eating disorder (BED)
What does body dissatisfaction (BD) predict?
Weight gain
What do body dissatisfaction (BD) and eating disorder behaviors (EDB) mediate the association between?
Obesity and mental health impairment
What is the current status of psychological interventions for weight loss?
Inconsistent success
What has been the outcome of surgical options for weight loss?
Negative consequences
What has shown some success in controlled trials of targeted interventions in high-risk populations for body dissatisfaction (BD) and eating disorder behaviors (EDB) prevention?
Universal prevention programs
What is a challenge in integrating programs for obesity and EDB prevention?
Agreement on how to integrate messages about diet, physical activity, and body weight stigma
What is the prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BD) and Eating Disorders (EDB) in relation to weight gain?
There is a prediction of weight gain with BD and EDB
What is the primary focus of psychological interventions for those seeking weight loss, as mentioned in the text?
Inconsistent success with psychological interventions
What is the association between Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BD) and Eating Disorders (EDB) in relation to mental health impairment?
Strong association with mental health impairment in both women and men
What is the current status of obesity prevention, as mentioned in the text?
Psychological interventions have inconsistent success
What is the focus of integrated programs for obesity and EDB prevention, as mentioned in the text?
Integrating programs make sense given associations between variables and limited resources
What is the prevalence of BD/EDB in relation to weight status?
Higher prevalence in obese people than in normal weight people
What is the risk factor for Eating Disorders (EDB) in relation to Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BD), as per the text?
BD is a risk factor for EDB
What is the association between Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BD) and physical health impairment?
Little to no association with physical health impairment
Study Notes
Understanding Aggression and Violence: A Comprehensive Overview
- Development of aggression over the lifespan: peaks in toddler years and declines with age, replaced with forms that have fewer consequences
- Some people are more habitually aggressive, and this trait is constant
- Evolutionary psychology views aggression as hardwired and instinctual, linked to reproductive success and survival of the fittest
- Aggressive individuals are at increased risk of poor health, early mortality, mental health problems, and decreased life satisfaction
- Aggression is often learned through classical conditioning, instrumental learning, and social learning
- Neurological and biological approaches highlight genes linked to aggressive behavior, neurotransmitter levels, and brain structures associated with aggression
- Bullying in the workplace, indirect aggression, dominance, and status are key aspects of organizational psychology
- The role of perception in aggression, including cues for the fight or flight mechanism and the impact of what we see, hear, and feel
- Personality approaches to aggression, including trait aggression, trait anger, trait irritability, and the role of shame proneness and rumination
- Relational psychology encompasses domestic violence, child abuse, power and dominance, jealousy, and schemas
- Aggression is elicited by the situation rather than the personality, as suggested by cognitive dissonance theory and social cognition
- The General Aggression Model (GAM) by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman explains the nature of aggression, person inputs, situational factors, routes, and outcomes. It emphasizes cognition, affects, arousal, immediate appraisal, and re-appraisal. Additionally, it highlights media psychology, including the effects of aggression in the media, statistics on exposure to aggression in the media, and the Gruel statement on the causal relationship between media aggression and later aggressive behavior.
Impact of Inappropriate Content on Young People and Continuing Professional Development for Psychologists
- Inappropriate content (IP) can influence sexual development and perpetrate aggressive behavior
- Theoretical underpinnings include priming theory, social learning theory, gender schema theory, and sexual script theory
- Critics argue that pre-existing aggression levels may draw individuals to violent media
- Despite falling social violence, violent media use is increasing, presenting a potential concern
- Accessibility to technology and IP exposes teens to violent material and inappropriate content
- Prevalence of child sexual abuse by other children has increased in recent years
- Exposure to IP is associated with perpetration of aggression and violence against women
- Early and frequent exposure to pornography is linked to initiation of sexual behaviors at a younger age
- Schools lack universally taught IP education programs, with secondary schools being the primary focus
- Psychologists are required to engage in ongoing professional development (CPD) and self-care
- CPD involves activities such as workshops, seminars, reading and analyzing professional literature, and peer consultation
- Self-care is crucial for psychologists to maintain motivation, energy, resilience, and effective problem-solving ability, while preventing burnout symptoms such as dissatisfaction and withdrawal
NSW Mental Health Act and Formal Admission Process
- The NSW Mental Health Act outlines the terms under which a person must accept medication, therapy, rehab, or other services, and is valid for 12 months.
- Criteria for being considered mentally ill include having a mental illness and being at serious risk of harm to self or others, with no less restrictive care available.
- Formal admission pathways include scheduling by a medical practitioner, police or ambulance, admission at the request of a designated carer, relative or friend, and order of the court.
- The Mental Health Act also addresses confidentiality, stating that information about the patient is not given to people outside the service agency without the patient’s permission.
- The process of formal admission for mentally disordered and mentally ill persons involves examinations, mental health inquiries by a tribunal, and regular examinations by an authorized person.
- The Mental Health Tribunal is involved in the formal admission process and has specific requirements, including legal representation for the consumer, medication at the minimum practical level, and being in street clothes.
- Mandatory reporting in New South Wales includes reporting to the NSW child protection helpline if a child aged 0-15 is at risk of significant harm, and practitioners notifying the AHPRA if they believe another practitioner has behaved in a way that presents a serious risk to the public.
- Notifiable conduct for health practitioners includes practicing while intoxicated by alcohol or drugs, engaging in sexual misconduct in connection with the practice or profession, and placing the public at risk of substantial harm due to practitioner impairment or a significant departure from accepted professional standards.
- The Privacy Act 1988 outlines 13 Privacy Principles, including open and transparent management of personal information and the collection of solicited and unsolicited personal information.
- Week 11 Internet Pornography and Violence Stats reveal that technology has made it cheaper and easier to manufacture and distribute explicit material, leading to easy access to a multitude of free images.
- The Covid pandemic saw an increase in Pornhub use, positively correlated with new COVID-19 cases, attributed to an increase in social isolation, stress, and loneliness.
- The text discusses the link between pornography use and coping, emotional avoidance, boredom, and a pornified culture of violence, emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing these issues.
NSW Mental Health Act and Formal Admission Process
- The NSW Mental Health Act outlines the terms under which a person must accept medication, therapy, rehab, or other services, and is valid for 12 months.
- Criteria for being considered mentally ill include having a mental illness and being at serious risk of harm to self or others, with no less restrictive care available.
- Formal admission pathways include scheduling by a medical practitioner, police or ambulance, admission at the request of a designated carer, relative or friend, and order of the court.
- The Mental Health Act also addresses confidentiality, stating that information about the patient is not given to people outside the service agency without the patient’s permission.
- The process of formal admission for mentally disordered and mentally ill persons involves examinations, mental health inquiries by a tribunal, and regular examinations by an authorized person.
- The Mental Health Tribunal is involved in the formal admission process and has specific requirements, including legal representation for the consumer, medication at the minimum practical level, and being in street clothes.
- Mandatory reporting in New South Wales includes reporting to the NSW child protection helpline if a child aged 0-15 is at risk of significant harm, and practitioners notifying the AHPRA if they believe another practitioner has behaved in a way that presents a serious risk to the public.
- Notifiable conduct for health practitioners includes practicing while intoxicated by alcohol or drugs, engaging in sexual misconduct in connection with the practice or profession, and placing the public at risk of substantial harm due to practitioner impairment or a significant departure from accepted professional standards.
- The Privacy Act 1988 outlines 13 Privacy Principles, including open and transparent management of personal information and the collection of solicited and unsolicited personal information.
- Week 11 Internet Pornography and Violence Stats reveal that technology has made it cheaper and easier to manufacture and distribute explicit material, leading to easy access to a multitude of free images.
- The Covid pandemic saw an increase in Pornhub use, positively correlated with new COVID-19 cases, attributed to an increase in social isolation, stress, and loneliness.
- The text discusses the link between pornography use and coping, emotional avoidance, boredom, and a pornified culture of violence, emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing these issues.
Test your knowledge of aggression and violence with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the development of aggression over the lifespan, evolutionary psychology views, neurological and biological approaches, organizational psychology aspects, the role of perception, personality approaches, relational psychology, cognitive dissonance theory, and the General Aggression Model. Gain a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of aggressive behavior.
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